GI-Forum

GI-Forum Winter 20/21

Date	Topic	Presenter	Affiliation
03.11.2020	Institute Meeting (ifgi employees only, no GI Forum)
Sorry, no abstract available yet.
10.11.2020	Spherical Geometry	Edzer Pebesma	ifgi
We see increasingly that spatial data come with coordinates expressed in degrees longitude/latitude, referenced e.g. to a WGS84 datum. The legacy GIS way of handling this is to map longitude to x, and latitude to y, which is essentially a Plate Carree projection, and hope that things work out. Many global datasets (e.g. of country boundaries) and even standards like GeoJSON have been adapted to accommodate this approach. However, recent open source libraries such as Google's s2geometry and Uber's H3 make it possible to work effectively under a spherical Earth model. This talk will show where legacy GIS gets things wrong, and discuss challenges with working with spherical geometry, illustrated by recent work in the R packages sf and s2.
17.11.2020	Towards Machine learning-driven Environmental Science	Ribana Roscher	Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
Remote sensing observations play an important role in various communities, since they enable an accurate and comprehensive monitoring of the Earth and its changes - close-range as well as from space. The success of machine learning methods, especially neural networks, has led to a considerable spread of machine learning in scientific fields and now offers numerous possibilities for the analysis of remote sensing data. This talk presents selected approaches and looks at their potential for applications in the environmental sciences and agriculture. In this context, explainable machine learning and the possibilities to analyze scientific data are discussed.
24.11.2020	Statistical Machine Learning for Spatio-Temporal Forecasting	Andrew Zammit Mangion (from AU: at 9:00 am (CEST) time!)	University of Wollongong
Conventional spatio-temporal statistical models are well-suited for modelling and forecasting using data collected over short time horizons. However, they are generally time-consuming to fit, and often do not realistically encapsulate temporally-varying dynamics. Here, we tackle these two issues by using a deep convolution neural network (CNN) in a hierarchical statistical framework, where the CNN is designed to extract process dynamics from the process' most recent behaviour. Once the CNN is fitted, probabilistic forecasting can be done extremely quickly online using an ensemble Kalman filter with no requirement for repeated parameter estimation. We conduct an experiment where we train the model using 13 years of daily sea-surface temperature data in the North Atlantic Ocean. Forecasts are seen to be accurate and calibrated. We show the versatility of the approach by successfully producing 10-minute nowcasts of weather radar reflectivities in Sydney using the same model that was trained on daily sea-surface temperature data in the North Atlantic Ocean. This is joint work with Christopher Wikle, University of Missouri.
01.12.2020	Contained Chaos: Ensemble Consistency Testing for the Community Earth System Model	Dorit Hammerling (from US: at 16:00 am CEST)	Colorado School of Mines
State-of-the-science climate models are valuable tools for understanding past and present climates, and are particularly vital for addressing otherwise intractable questions about future climate. Given the societal relevance, maintaining model confidence is critical. The many complex processes characterizing the Earth System lead to inherently chaotic behavior within these models, meaning that output can be highly sensitive to seemingly minor changes to the hardware or software stack. This sensitivity makes defining “correctness” of model output separately from bit-reproducibility a practical necessity. To this end, we have developed a statistical testing framework that utilizes an ensemble of established simulations paired with principal component analysis to perform hypothesis testing for model correctness. This test is already implemented and provides valuable feedback to model developers and users. We are now exploring the impact of ensemble size on this test, specifically as it relates to systematic errors in estimating the unknown correlation matrix of the ensemble simulationsand we will provide an overview of our findings.
08.12.2020	If GIS provides the answer, what was the question again? Geo-analytical question answering as knowledge generation	Simon Scheider	Universiteit Utrecht
Geographic question answering (GeoQA) has gained attention recently as a special and particularly relevant case of question answering. In this talk, I will argue why question-answering with a Geographic Information System (GIS), which we call geo-analytical QA, needs to go beyond information retrieval and should be conceived as a form of knowledge generation instead. Based on examples from Human Geography, I will motivate this idea and discuss some principal thoughts about knowledge generation with a GIS. Work on this problem is currently done within the QuAnGIS project at Utrecht University. I will share some first results about the syntax and semantics of geo-analytical questions, and about the relevance of core concepts and semantic data types for this task. Furthermore, I will report on ongoing developments in the QuAnGIS project, concerning a geo-analytical grammar, the quality of answer workflow synthesis, and a data transformation algebra.
15.12.2020	Sustainability goals using Geoinformation Science: insights from local case studies on rural and urban areas	Tobia Lakes	HU Berlin
In 2015, sustainability goals and targets were agreed to be achieved by 2030. Geoinformation Science can plays an important role by providing indicators and analyses that help to assess the current situation and predict possible future development pathways. This talk will address the benefits and challenges using Geoinformation for addressing the sustainability goals. It will draw from different local case studies to discuss data usage, indicator development, trade-off analyses and scenario development. A critical discussion will conclude the talk.
17.12.2020	Resilience and Pedestrian Navigation Support	Chris Kray	ifgi
Part of the Resilience Colloquium Series. Thursday, December 17, 14:15 https://wwu.zoom.us/j/91080736949?pwd=dUZUcFozNjU3aXl2dGJWSVhFN2hxdz09 In this talk, Chris will present an initial analysis of resilience in the context of pedestrian navigation support systems (PNSS). He will first take a look at fundamental concepts and define key terms before proposing a systematic approach to describe, realise and evaluate resilience in the context of PNSS. Based on this initial framework, he will present a number of examples and strategies for dealing with stressors in PNSS, and he will highlight some gaps requiring further research. Rather than reporting on a fully validated theory, this talk is intended to spark further discussion and ideas in this area.
22.12.2020	Institute Meeting (ifgi employees only, no GI Forum)
Sorry, no abstract available yet.
12.01.2021	STAC and STAC Index	Matthias Mohr	Institute for Geoinformatics, University of Muenster
The SpatioTemporal Asset Catalog (STAC) is an emerging specification enabling better discoverability of spatial and temporal data. It’s driven by state-of-the art technologies and wants to get rid of the overly big numbers of proprietary portals and APIs for geo-data. This talk will give an introduction into the ideas behind the specification and guide you into how to publish your own data. Additionally, we’ll look into the growing ecosystem and will also have an outlook into how STAC Index crawls billions of records to make them available to a broad audience via Google and other search engines.
19.01.2021	Spatial analysis in the domains of ecosystem service assessments, public health and humanitarian mapping	Sven Lautenbach	HeiGIT
Space is of essential importance for an improved understanding of environmental problems as well as public health aspects. The talk is going to highlight the following aspects: 1. Analysis of ecosystem services (ES) with a focus on trade-offs of land use decisions 2. Use of volunteered geographic information (VGI) to assess the demand for ES 3. Use of OpenStreetMap (OSM) to quantify accessibility of health sites The quantification of trade-offs of land use decisions employs a spatial optimization approach based on a genetic algorithm at the examples of global land use allocation and urban development in Switzerland. Use of VGI for the demand of ES is shown at the example of an analysis of Flickr data for land use aesthetics and the use of environmental ambulatory assessments to quantify the effects of urban green space on city dwellers. The last part of the talk touches on the availability of OSM at the global scale and its use in accessibility analysis for health sites in sub-Saharan Africa and Germany.
26.01.2021	FORCE - Analysis Ready Data and Beyond	David Frantz	Humboldt University Berlin, https://www.geographie.hu-berlin.de/en/professorships/eol
We are currently experiencing an exciting new era of Earth Observation, wherein multiple, freely available remote sensing systems provide us with plenty data that might enable us to achieve sustainable development goals by closely monitoring environmental status and change at relevant scales. However, this flood of data can easily be overwhelming, both in terms of volume and usage complexity. While the first point is merely a technical burden, EO data still need to be processed to a considerable degree before being adequate for most analyses. FORCE is being developed to be an ‘all-in-one’ solution for the mass-processing of medium-resolution satellite image archives to enable large area and time series applications. FORCE is capable of processing Landsat 4–8 and Sentinel-2 Level 1 data to Level 2–4 products, which are essentially different degrees of Analysis Ready Data (ARD) and empower much broader user groups in using mass EO data. The term ARD is mostly used to describe data that are radiometrically and geometrically consistent, and that include cloud and other poor quality observation flags that allow filtering data prior to analysis. This definition is well aligned with FORCE Level 2 ARD, i.e. radiometrically corrected Bottom-of-Atmosphere reflectance products. FORCE Level 2 data are accompanied by pixel-based quality information and are stored in a gridded data cube using a single projection across large areas. Whilst these data can indeed be directly analyzed, usage is complex nonetheless. Therefore, FORCE provides Level 3 functionality to provide seamless, gap free, and highly Analysis Ready Data (hARD) over very large areas via Best Available Pixel (BAP) compositing and Spectral Temporal Metrics (STM). Unlike ARD, hARD are much better suited as input for many machine learning applications, e.g. for large area land cover /change classification purposes. FORCE additionally provides Level 4 modules, e.g. for performing time series analyses like change and trend analyses, as well as machine learning functionality to convert hARD into application-ready (hARD+) maps of qualitative or quantitative target variables. The talk will close with a selection of practical use cases highlighting the usage of “ARD and beyond” for national to regional scale mapping of a wide variety of qualitative and quantitative target variables.
02.02.2021	(no GI Forum this week)
Sorry, no abstract available yet.
09.02.2021	Institute Meeting (ifgi employees only, no GI Forum)
Sorry, no abstract available yet.

GI-Forum Summer 20

Date	Topic	Presenter	Affiliation
28.04.2020	Wayfinding Through Orientation	Angela Schwering	ifgi
t.b.a.
05.05.2020	Disinformation via Social Media: Social Bots, Campaigns, and Computer Science Approaches to foster Resilience	Christian Grimme	WWU, Department of Information Systems
Social media platforms have become central institutions for social and private content sharing as well as network building. This may foster democratic principles such as open sharing of opinions and freedom of speech. At the same time, however, the tight coupling of global networks, information propagation, and the underlying technical infrastructures allow for strategic manipulation of the public opinion. Automation and coordinated human campaigns can amplify topics worldwide without being recognized as such by users, who lack a global view on the networks. To make it even more complicated, the amount of data and information running through the networks is too large for human analytical capabilities. In this talk, I will give a brief overview on the phenomenon and types of manipulation via social networks as well as on the challenges of detecting automation and orchestrated behavior in this socio-technical ecosystem. This comprises work from the German multi-disciplinary project PropStop as well as perspectives for the current Australia-Germany Joint Research Co-operation Scheme on campaign detection in social media.
12.05.2020	The Cartography of COVID-19	Thomas Bartoschek	Institute for Geoinformatics
Epidemiology and maps belong together. Probably not only starting with John Snows Cholera Map maps helped to understand the spatial distribution of spreading epidemic or pandemic phenomena. Nowadays - in ages where everybody is able to create maps - lacks in cartographical techniques often lead to misunderstanding and misuse of maps and may lead to wrong personal or political decisions. With the COVID-19 pandemic, maps on the spread of the virus and related topics are popping up every minute in online media, social media, news and other channels. This talk gives an overview of map types, mapping techniques and cartographical approaches being used by the “cartographers” and discusses good and bad examples, errors, fails and misunderstandings by surfing through and interacting with online maps.
19.05.2020	Monitoring Changes on Earth and in Space	Fabian Gieseke	WWU, Department of Information Systems
The field of data science has gained considerable attention over the past years. One reason for this phenomenon is the fact that the data volumes in various domains have increased dramatically. This is the case, for instance, in both astronomy and remote sensing, where current projects already produce data volumes in the petabyte range. Upcoming ones will produce such data volumes per day, week, or even per hour. A similar "data flood" can be observed in many other disciplines including medicine, biology, finance, business intelligence, energy systems, or social media. In most cases, the sheer data volumes render a manual analysis impossible. Machine learning techniques aims at extracting knowledge in an automatic manner and have been identified as one of the key drivers for future discoveries and innovation. Processing and analzying the massive amounts of data can, however, still become extremely challenging from a computational perspective and I work on overcoming such computational bottlenecks by developing efficient schemes that are adapted to the specific needs of the tasks at hand. My presentation will cover some of our current research activities that are related to this line of research. In particular, I will sketch the potential of efficient implementations for machine learning models in the context of detecting and monitoring changes in space and on Earth.
02.06.2020	How to combine qualitative interaction analysis and automatic movement tracking to understand people’s movement in public space	Wolfgang Kesselheim	University of Zurich
Tracking people’s movement in public space has long been equated with tracking the movement of individuals. However, our movements in public space often depend on the presence and the movements of other people, e.g. when we go on a shopping spree with our partner, when we cue with other people for the bus, or crowd together with other passers-by in order to watch the performance of a street artist. Furthermore, tracking has so far been limited to determining people’s coordinates in Euclidean space. However, in many cases it is not these coordinates, but the social meaning of areas and objects in public space that are relevant for people’s movements: a shop window, a bus stop, an open square, etc. If we want to fully understand how people make use of public space by automatically tracking their movements, we need to find a way to (a) overcome the individualising, atomising bias of movement tracking and (b) take into account the social meaning of objects and areas in public space. In my presentation, I will illustrate how this could be done by introducing two concepts developed within qualitative research on social interaction into 3-D movement tracking using Microsoft Kinect sensors: the concept of “F-formation”, which describes people’s bodily orientations when they interact with others, and the concept of “usability cues”, which aims at identifying activity potentials of objects and spaces.
09.06.2020	Moisture recycling and Global change	Stefan Dekker	Utrecht University
Tree transpiration may enhance rainfall for downwind forests. Until now it has been unclear how this cascading effect plays out. In this presentation I will show local forest transpiration and the subsequent trajectories of transpired water through the atmosphere by using high spatial and temporal detail. Different scenarios of deforestation and gIobal change are analysed and show which regions are most dependent on their own local recycling. I also will show the role of deep rooted trees and how forests can buffer against droughts.
16.06.2020	Remote sensing data and GIS as tools for archaeological fieldwork	Jana Eger and Tim Karberg	WWU, Institute for Egyptology and Coptic Studies
Since the past two decades, remote sensing data and their analysis by GIS became a common tool in archaeology. While in areas of temperate climate, like Central Europe, the investigation of so-called crop marks (indications of archaeological record within natural or agricultural vegetation) is still one of the most widespread methods in archaeological remote sensing, other approaches are necessary under the conditions of arid areas as well as the specific agricultural patterns of the African Sahel zone. While satellite images in the early 2000’s were mainly used for landscape archaeological investigations, nowadays these data is also in common use for on-site archaeological prospections. In this presentation, we will give a short introduction to the general methods of the archaeological use of remote sensing data and GIS, and further illustrate them by examples of their practical use within the archaeological field projects of the WWU in Sudan.
23.06.2020	Is graphical proximity in a map the same as geographical nearness?	Francis Harvey	University of Leipzig
“Near things are more similar than more distant things” states Tobler’s first law of geography. This seems obvious and has been well studied in cognitive research into the perception of the environment. The statement’s validity for assessments of geographical nearness solely from map symbols however has yet to be ascertained. This presentation considers this issue through a theoretical framework grounded in Gestalt concepts, behavioral ecological psychology and information psychology. It sets out to consider how influential experience or training may be on the association of graphical proximity with geographical nearness. Two pilot studies provide empirical results for the presentation of some initial findings. The findings regarding the influence of experience or training are ambiguous, but point to the rapid acquisition of affordances in the geovisualizations used for the studies as an important factor. A hypothesis is that “map-reading” is learnt and it has become implicit for most people in modern society, following Kant’s proposal that geography education is a propadeutic for scientific learning. The process of assessing distance in maps is generally reliable. How aptitude influences distance assessments and the role of geographical knowledge remain open questions for ongoing research.
30.06.2020	A GIS-based Assistance Tool for A Collective Solution After Participation (CoSolution)	Simge Özdal-Oktay	TU Vienna
Cities are complex, self-organized systems creating responsive social and environmental behaviors. Therefore, urban planning and design need adaptable, flexible, and effective tools for providing optimal, long-term solutions that will meet users’ needs. In this process, it is essential to connect with innovative methodologies for minimizing the possible conflicts between individual, communal, and political priorities. Many studies revealed that existing public participation processes are highly inefficient for understanding time and location-based patterns and providing an overall design outcome that satisfies collective preferences. One of the main reasons for this is the lack of time-efficient methods for the collective analysis of large data obtained through participation. The CoSolution project was developed based on this deficiency and aimed to develop an automated assistance system. The ultimate goal was enabling collective analysis of large spatial participatory data and generating spatial location alternatives for each design element subject to the planning/design activity. To achieve this goal, in the scope of the project, an algorithm was developed in Python which overlaps and time-efficiently analyzes alternative locations for each design element based on the Density-based clustering (DbScan). A participatory process was imitated for data collection purposes over a scenario for the reorganization of the Gusshaus campus courtyard at TU Vienna. During the process, the participants modified the existing layout of the courtyard by interfering with the design elements such as tables, trees, and green areas. Two experiments were conducted in 3D and Virtual environments. Collected modified plans later overlapped automatically on an adjustable grid and collectively analyzed with a series of GIS, and machine learning-based approaches. The results provided a baseline for more comprehensive tools and enabled comparisons between different analysis methods and visualization techniques.
07.07.2020	Google Earth Engine Introduction and Walkthrough	Gennadiy Donchyts	Deltares, The Netherlands
Earth Observation (EO) is a fast-growing field boosted by open-access satellite missions such as Landsat and Sentinel and by Cloud-based processing environment Google Earth Engine (GEE), allowing petabyte-scale processing freely available for research applications. In this presentation, I will talk about how the GEE works, what are the main differences from a classical-style GIS analysis, and how open-source GIS software like QGIS can be combined with the cloud-based GEE processing. We will also see how the GEE is used at Deltares to conduct research and develop EO-aware and Cloud-based software solutions for the monitoring of land-use changes, surface water mapping, and the derivation of bathymetry.

GI-Forum Summer 20

Date	Topic	Presenter	Affiliation
28.04.2020	Wayfinding Through Orientation	Angela Schwering	ifgi
t.b.a.
05.05.2020	Disinformation via Social Media: Social Bots, Campaigns, and Computer Science Approaches to foster Resilience	Christian Grimme	WWU, Department of Information Systems
Social media platforms have become central institutions for social and private content sharing as well as network building. This may foster democratic principles such as open sharing of opinions and freedom of speech. At the same time, however, the tight coupling of global networks, information propagation, and the underlying technical infrastructures allow for strategic manipulation of the public opinion. Automation and coordinated human campaigns can amplify topics worldwide without being recognized as such by users, who lack a global view on the networks. To make it even more complicated, the amount of data and information running through the networks is too large for human analytical capabilities. In this talk, I will give a brief overview on the phenomenon and types of manipulation via social networks as well as on the challenges of detecting automation and orchestrated behavior in this socio-technical ecosystem. This comprises work from the German multi-disciplinary project PropStop as well as perspectives for the current Australia-Germany Joint Research Co-operation Scheme on campaign detection in social media.
12.05.2020	The Cartography of COVID-19	Thomas Bartoschek	Institute for Geoinformatics
Epidemiology and maps belong together. Probably not only starting with John Snows Cholera Map maps helped to understand the spatial distribution of spreading epidemic or pandemic phenomena. Nowadays - in ages where everybody is able to create maps - lacks in cartographical techniques often lead to misunderstanding and misuse of maps and may lead to wrong personal or political decisions. With the COVID-19 pandemic, maps on the spread of the virus and related topics are popping up every minute in online media, social media, news and other channels. This talk gives an overview of map types, mapping techniques and cartographical approaches being used by the “cartographers” and discusses good and bad examples, errors, fails and misunderstandings by surfing through and interacting with online maps.
19.05.2020	Monitoring Changes on Earth and in Space	Fabian Gieseke	WWU, Department of Information Systems
The field of data science has gained considerable attention over the past years. One reason for this phenomenon is the fact that the data volumes in various domains have increased dramatically. This is the case, for instance, in both astronomy and remote sensing, where current projects already produce data volumes in the petabyte range. Upcoming ones will produce such data volumes per day, week, or even per hour. A similar "data flood" can be observed in many other disciplines including medicine, biology, finance, business intelligence, energy systems, or social media. In most cases, the sheer data volumes render a manual analysis impossible. Machine learning techniques aims at extracting knowledge in an automatic manner and have been identified as one of the key drivers for future discoveries and innovation. Processing and analzying the massive amounts of data can, however, still become extremely challenging from a computational perspective and I work on overcoming such computational bottlenecks by developing efficient schemes that are adapted to the specific needs of the tasks at hand. My presentation will cover some of our current research activities that are related to this line of research. In particular, I will sketch the potential of efficient implementations for machine learning models in the context of detecting and monitoring changes in space and on Earth.
02.06.2020	How to combine qualitative interaction analysis and automatic movement tracking to understand people’s movement in public space	Wolfgang Kesselheim	University of Zurich
Tracking people’s movement in public space has long been equated with tracking the movement of individuals. However, our movements in public space often depend on the presence and the movements of other people, e.g. when we go on a shopping spree with our partner, when we cue with other people for the bus, or crowd together with other passers-by in order to watch the performance of a street artist. Furthermore, tracking has so far been limited to determining people’s coordinates in Euclidean space. However, in many cases it is not these coordinates, but the social meaning of areas and objects in public space that are relevant for people’s movements: a shop window, a bus stop, an open square, etc. If we want to fully understand how people make use of public space by automatically tracking their movements, we need to find a way to (a) overcome the individualising, atomising bias of movement tracking and (b) take into account the social meaning of objects and areas in public space. In my presentation, I will illustrate how this could be done by introducing two concepts developed within qualitative research on social interaction into 3-D movement tracking using Microsoft Kinect sensors: the concept of “F-formation”, which describes people’s bodily orientations when they interact with others, and the concept of “usability cues”, which aims at identifying activity potentials of objects and spaces.
09.06.2020	Moisture recycling and Global change	Stefan Dekker	Utrecht University
Tree transpiration may enhance rainfall for downwind forests. Until now it has been unclear how this cascading effect plays out. In this presentation I will show local forest transpiration and the subsequent trajectories of transpired water through the atmosphere by using high spatial and temporal detail. Different scenarios of deforestation and gIobal change are analysed and show which regions are most dependent on their own local recycling. I also will show the role of deep rooted trees and how forests can buffer against droughts.
16.06.2020	Remote sensing data and GIS as tools for archaeological fieldwork	Jana Eger and Tim Karberg	WWU, Institute for Egyptology and Coptic Studies
Since the past two decades, remote sensing data and their analysis by GIS became a common tool in archaeology. While in areas of temperate climate, like Central Europe, the investigation of so-called crop marks (indications of archaeological record within natural or agricultural vegetation) is still one of the most widespread methods in archaeological remote sensing, other approaches are necessary under the conditions of arid areas as well as the specific agricultural patterns of the African Sahel zone. While satellite images in the early 2000’s were mainly used for landscape archaeological investigations, nowadays these data is also in common use for on-site archaeological prospections. In this presentation, we will give a short introduction to the general methods of the archaeological use of remote sensing data and GIS, and further illustrate them by examples of their practical use within the archaeological field projects of the WWU in Sudan.
23.06.2020	Is graphical proximity in a map the same as geographical nearness?	Francis Harvey	University of Leipzig
“Near things are more similar than more distant things” states Tobler’s first law of geography. This seems obvious and has been well studied in cognitive research into the perception of the environment. The statement’s validity for assessments of geographical nearness solely from map symbols however has yet to be ascertained. This presentation considers this issue through a theoretical framework grounded in Gestalt concepts, behavioral ecological psychology and information psychology. It sets out to consider how influential experience or training may be on the association of graphical proximity with geographical nearness. Two pilot studies provide empirical results for the presentation of some initial findings. The findings regarding the influence of experience or training are ambiguous, but point to the rapid acquisition of affordances in the geovisualizations used for the studies as an important factor. A hypothesis is that “map-reading” is learnt and it has become implicit for most people in modern society, following Kant’s proposal that geography education is a propadeutic for scientific learning. The process of assessing distance in maps is generally reliable. How aptitude influences distance assessments and the role of geographical knowledge remain open questions for ongoing research.
30.06.2020	A GIS-based Assistance Tool for A Collective Solution After Participation (CoSolution)	Simge Özdal-Oktay	TU Vienna
Cities are complex, self-organized systems creating responsive social and environmental behaviors. Therefore, urban planning and design need adaptable, flexible, and effective tools for providing optimal, long-term solutions that will meet users’ needs. In this process, it is essential to connect with innovative methodologies for minimizing the possible conflicts between individual, communal, and political priorities. Many studies revealed that existing public participation processes are highly inefficient for understanding time and location-based patterns and providing an overall design outcome that satisfies collective preferences. One of the main reasons for this is the lack of time-efficient methods for the collective analysis of large data obtained through participation. The CoSolution project was developed based on this deficiency and aimed to develop an automated assistance system. The ultimate goal was enabling collective analysis of large spatial participatory data and generating spatial location alternatives for each design element subject to the planning/design activity. To achieve this goal, in the scope of the project, an algorithm was developed in Python which overlaps and time-efficiently analyzes alternative locations for each design element based on the Density-based clustering (DbScan). A participatory process was imitated for data collection purposes over a scenario for the reorganization of the Gusshaus campus courtyard at TU Vienna. During the process, the participants modified the existing layout of the courtyard by interfering with the design elements such as tables, trees, and green areas. Two experiments were conducted in 3D and Virtual environments. Collected modified plans later overlapped automatically on an adjustable grid and collectively analyzed with a series of GIS, and machine learning-based approaches. The results provided a baseline for more comprehensive tools and enabled comparisons between different analysis methods and visualization techniques.
07.07.2020	Google Earth Engine Introduction and Walkthrough	Gennadiy Donchyts	Deltares, The Netherlands
Earth Observation (EO) is a fast-growing field boosted by open-access satellite missions such as Landsat and Sentinel and by Cloud-based processing environment Google Earth Engine (GEE), allowing petabyte-scale processing freely available for research applications. In this presentation, I will talk about how the GEE works, what are the main differences from a classical-style GIS analysis, and how open-source GIS software like QGIS can be combined with the cloud-based GEE processing. We will also see how the GEE is used at Deltares to conduct research and develop EO-aware and Cloud-based software solutions for the monitoring of land-use changes, surface water mapping, and the derivation of bathymetry.

GI-Forum Winter 19/20

Date	Topic	Presenter	Affiliation
08.10.2019	Institute meeting
No GI Forum
15.10.2019	Towards a user-oriented modeling platform for agent-based simulations of infectious diseases	Johannes Ponge	University of Münster, Germany
Even in our modern day and age, infectious diseases and resulting epidemics still impose a great threat to humanity. The latest outbreaks of Ebola, Zika and the ever recurring Flu show, that these problems are a still highly important issue in our highly interconnected world. Agent-based computer simulations can help to understand the dynamics of a disease’s propagation, forecast its impact, and evaluate countermeasures. While many disease propagation models exists, there is an observable trend that many research projects start their simulation efforts from scratch without building upon available models. We argue that this effect slows down progress and makes it ever more challenging for simulations to reach maturity and go beyond current limits. Furthermore, most biomedical or epidemiological researchers do not have extensive background in programming which, in most cases, is necessary to implement sophisticated models. We propose a novel model structure for agent-based epidemics models and an accompanying modeling platform that tackles both problems. An interoperable model design makes it possible to build new models from previous components and add features where needed. A fully code-free modeling platform with visual analytics features enables non-IT experts to design and analyze sophisticated propagation scenarios. I will present the current state of our project and explain our modeling approach on different abstraction levels from a code-free model editor down to the implementation of the agent-based model including some example simulations with our software tool.
22.10.2019	Understanding social-ecological systems in the context of global change	Maria Santos	University of Zürich, Switzerland
The unprecedented rates of biodiversity loss are threatening the functioning and the services that support Earth system processes and livelihoods that depend on them. While global assessments are demonstrating potential collapses in the systems that support carbon cycling, water and nutrient cycling, we lack a detailed assessment on the implications of local social-ecological processes that cumulate to the planetary level. Local processes are far-reaching in space, time and phenomena, and better understanding of the complex relationships and co-evolution between ecosystem and social processes is much needed. In this talk I will present a conceptual framework that aims to depict the complex interaction between social and ecological systems, and show a few examples of its operationalization from different ecosystems (tropical forests, water systems, etc.) that focus on human-resource and human-biodiversity interactions. I will present the work that our group at UZH has been developing, and how we envision that such approach will contribute to broaden our understanding on the interactions and the co-evolution of social ecological systems towards a better prediction of the response space in the context of global change.
29.10.2019	Recent hydro-climatic shifts over Central America	Iris Stewart	Santa Clara University, USA
Smallholder farmers across Central America have relied on rain-fed agricultural practices adapted to local precipitation patterns for food and water security. Droughts in the region have been linked to crop failures, outbreaks of pests and plant disease, economic losses, and health impacts. Under global warming, output from GCMs project overall precipitation decreases for Central America by the end of the century. Although global surface temperature has been increasing, and hydro-climatic shifts consistent with GCM predictions have been observed in other regions, the magnitude, direction, and significance of any recent precipitation changes over Central America is not clear. We use the CHIRPS, ERA5, and MERRA, data sets at the 0.25° spatial resolution to investigate the presence of hydro-climatic shifts in the region for the recent decades (1981 – 2018). The parameters analyzed are (i) trends in the monthly and annual precipitation, (ii) the timing, and magnitude of the rainy season(s), and (iii) the intensity, timing, frequency, duration, and spatial extent of drought. Results indicate shifts in the intensity and timing of the rainy periods and the midsummer drought and more intense and more frequent drought periods along the Meso-American dry corridor. The direction of the shift resembles the much larger shift anticipated with continued climate disruption, and thus may be a starting point for crafting adaptation policy.
05.11.2019	Google Earth Engine - Planetary Scale Analysis for Societal Benefit	Noel Gorelick	Google Earth Engine & University of Zürich, Switzerland
Earth Engine is a data analysis and visualisation platform build on top of Google's massive computing infrastructure. Hosting a 25PB catalog of satellite and remote sensing data, Earth Engine helps many thousands of users from around the world measure, monitor and map the environment at a global scale. This talk will give an overview of the genesis and development of the Earth Engine platform and some examples of how it's being used to address some of society's biggest challenges.
12.11.2019	Diversity of Giftedness and Talent Development - Excellent learning environments across the educational biography	Christian Fischer	University of Münster, Germany
The International Center for the Study of Giftedness (ICBF) is a cooperative research institution of the Universities of Muenster, Osnabrueck and Nijmegen and was founded in 2001. The aim of the ICBF – supported by the ICBF foundation - is to combine and complement the experience and expertise of the involved universities in the areas of talent research, gifted education, as well as teacher training and further education in the area of potential development and talent support. The icbf has grown out to an expert institution in the field on the diversity of giftedness and talent development, offering expertise and a network of international and national researchers and practitioners in the field of excellent learning environments in talent support within pre-school, schools as well as within the field of Higher Education and beyond. The presentation will introduce the three different areas of talent support carried out at the ICBF (Talent Research, Gifted Education, Teacher Training and Further Education), especially focusing on the research of talent promotion programs. Therefore, the nationwide LemaS-project to promote high performing and potentially highly abled students will be further introduced as well as three Erasmus+-projects the ICBF is hugely involved in.
19.11.2019	Opening Innovation in Location AI	Zack Zhu	HERE Research, Switzerland
HERE is in the business of understanding location. Recent progress in AI offers interesting new possibilities, but specialized treatment of spatial-temporal data and tailored development of AI methods is needed to truly capture the dynamics of location. To this end, HERE Research brings strong interlock of AI and GIS researchers to the study of Location AI. We operate in the mode of open innovation and seek close collaboration with academic partners. This talk will first highlight some of HERE's recent steps in this direction, including the establishment of the Institute for Advanced Research in Artificial Intelligence (IARAI) and event organization at premiere AI and GIS venues. Then, an industry point of view into key research questions will be provided to set the stage for an open discussion.
26.11.2019	Institute meeting
No GI Forum
03.12.2019	Location privacy: state of the art and perspectives on research & education	Rania Kounadi	Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, The Netherlands
Information about an individual’s location is substantially different from other personal information. The presentation will review on location privacy’s six key topics: 1) Geo-information Disclosure, 2) Protection Methods, 3) Professional Practices, 4) Data Subjects, 5) Information Divergence (Loss/Error), and 6) Thresholds on Anonymity & Divergence. Driven from the current gaps, a research idea will be presented that aims to develop an open-source privacy-by-design system for personal geodata (de-iSpace). Last, a summary of the new course at ITC-UT focusing on location privacy and titled “Space for Ethics” will be discussed, to outline the need to include privacy-preserving curriculum material in GIScience educational programs.
10.12.2019	Supporting Ecological Decision Making Using Feature-Selection and Variable Importance	Patrick Schratz	Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
Hyperspectral imagery is promising for detecting, mapping and predicting ecological processes such as the spatial spread of diseases, (invasive) species or plant strategy types. However, the corresponding data analysis is quite challenging due to the high dimensionality of the data especially when the number of predictor variables exceeds the number of observations of the response. Defoliation can be considered as a proxy for tree health. Predicting defoliation is important for the early detection of a spreading disease. Therefore, we modeled defoliation of pine trees (n=1759) in the Basque country as a function of thousands of features derived from hyperspectral remote-sensing data. The latter included vegetation indices (VI), less widely used normalized ratio indices (NRI) and the hyperspectral reflectances themselves (HR). To deal with the high dimensionality of the data, we applied three feature-selection methods (ensemble filters, simple filters, PCA) and compared them in terms of predictive performance. Ensemble filtering is a relatively new method that showed promising results in recent studies in the field of machine learning. We applied the feature-selection methods to three feature sets (VI (p=90), NRI (p=7380) and HR (p=122)) and determined the models’ performance with the help of spatial block cross-validation. The latter makes sure to derive bias-reduced estimated in the presence of spatial autocorrelation. We used commonly used statistical and machine-learning algorithms (Penalized Regression, Support-Vector-Machines, Random Forests, Extreme Gradient Boosting) to additionally identify algorithm-related differences. This work shows the potential of feature-selection methods in ecological modeling. Ensemble filter methods are a promising new method to enhance predictive accuracy for high-dimensional data. The differing algorithm accuracies underline the potential of algorithm benchmarking to obtain optimal results.
17.12.2019	Geo-information attitudes to young geological mapping of the Lower Rhine valley and delta (Netherlands and North Rhine-Westphalia)	Kim Cohen	Utrecht University, The Netherlands
The landscape and shallow subsurface along the river Rhine is long studied by many different parties and for all kinds of reasons. This has created heaps of diverse raw data that mapping institutes make summaries of. Digital geological maps showing the landscape structure of the Rhine valley (older and younger parts, higher and lower parts, subsurface buried features) are in common use by engineers, by planners, by hydrologist, by archaeologist and so on. They use it because it is easier to use such a summary, than to have to deal with the overloads of underlying raw data. The more raw data exists and the more pluriform that becomes and the faster it accumulates, the more important having the digital maps become, to screen or prune or subselect raw data for example. For the makers of the summary maps, however, the increasing amounts of raw data increase the difficulty of keeping the geo-information in the summary maps up to date and at appropriate accuracy and resolution. In my contribution to the GI-forum, using examples of data sets and interfaces connected to the Lower Rhine area, I will discuss currently deployed geo-information techniques at the meta-level. I will show geological maps and animated time series showing landscape evolution and web-portals unlocking 3D voxel sets of entire Rhine delta that are visual eye candy and powerful communication. But underneath such output is the story of how makers of these data products came to their workflow choices and divisions: of their geo-information attitudes. The talk is based on my work at Utrecht University (1998-present) and collaborations with TNO Geological Survey of The Netherlands, Deltares, The Netherlands’ Cultural Heritage Agency, and NRW counterparts.
07.01.2020	Challenges, limitations and opportunities for assessing and simulating land use change patterns in tropical forest landscapes: Insights from Ecuador, Philippines and Thailand	Melvin Lippe	Thünen Institute, Germany
Tropical forest landscapes are vital for the global carbon cycle, conversation of biodiversity and provisioning of ecosystem service for local populations to name only a few. Despite its global importance, tropical forests are still reducing at an alarming rate caused in particular by agricultural expansion for subsistence and commercial purposes. This study presents three case studies that were conducted in tropical forest landscapes of Ecuador, Philippines and Thailand. The first case study presents outcomes of a study in Northern Philippines to unravel present and emerging future social-ecological systems interlinkages at landscape-level using stakeholder elucidations and participatory mapping techniques. The second case study reveals how the selection of spatial predictors of location suitability influenced simulated land use allocation patterns for a case study in the Ecuadorian Amazonas which arguably appears to be an overlooked issue in landscape modelling. The third case study then presents how stakeholder-driven scenario development was used to simulate land use change patterns for a case study watershed in Northern Thailand. The presentation concludes with the lessons learned, limitations and opportunities when using participatory approaches and qualitative information in assessing and simulating land use change patterns in the Global South.
14.01.2020	From Physical Tracking to Virtual Tracking: Using Tracking Technologies and Virtual Reaility in Urban design	Stefan van der Spek	TU Delft, The Netherlands
In 2005 we introduced tracking technologies in a European Project to validate investments in public space based on actual behavior of visitors of the city centre. Since then we have improved and applied the methodology on both tourism, shopping and residents of specific districts, i.e. Delft from Above comparing students versus families and High-Rise Rotterdam where we collected information on the activity behavior of people living in high-rise residential buildings: do households living in these high-rise buildings contribute to city life? Lessons learned where implemented in the city’s ambitions and guidelines for high-rise development. Since 2015 we are experimenting with Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR+AR) as design and research tools. The objective is to improve urban design by using VR+AR in the beginning of the design process, not only for visualization and communication. Computaitonal Design tools, form a base for the design methodology. VR is now used for design, assessment and participation in both research and education. In collaboration with practice we run three reseach projects: The City at Eye-Level, VRenovate and Conceptual Space. Our VR lab has develop special tools, like the multi-player, interactive demo’s and applied both tracking and eye-tracking technology in VR.
21.01.2020	Digital Counter-Enlightenment and “Surveillance by Design”: On Nudging, Tracking and Data Aggregation in Human-Computer Interaction	Rainer Mühlhoff	Cluster Science of Intelligence, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
In this talk I will analyze modern human-computer interaction to discuss the question of enlightenment and counter-enlightenment in the digital age. I will focus on the field of “User Experience Design”, a dominant IT discourse that uses insights from behavioral sciences and data-driven evaluation techniques to optimize user interfaces and interaction designs. We will have a closer look at various “design tricks” that nudge users to expose more of their data online, often without explicit knowledge. I will discuss how this data is used to predict user behavior and target users according to their cognitive, behavioral or emotional dispositions. This leads to the diagnosis of “digitale Entmündigung”, or digital counter-enlightenment, which describes a set of systematic aspirations of big industrial players to deprive users of their (cognitive and epistemic) means to make self-determined, knowledgeable and responsible use of technology. With respect to data protection and privacy debates, I will point to the political problem of mass aggregation of data and argue that this problem exists even if the data is anonymous or de-identified.
28.01.2020	Institute meeting
No GI Forum

GI-Forum Summer 19

Date	Topic	Presenter	Affiliation
02.04.2019	Institute Meeting
Sorry, no abstract available yet.
09.04.2019	Prepare for the Internet of Things: Correct and Reliable Construction of Embedded Systems	Paula Herber	Computer Science Department, WWU
98 % of the processors that are produced world-wide are used in embedded systems, that is, in systems that read sensor data and control actuators, for example to monitor and control our environment, for autonomous driving or other kinds of transportation, or in industrial production systems. At the same time, embedded systems are often used in safety-critical applications, like cars, airplanes or medical systems, where a failure may result in huge financial losses or even endanger human lifes. As a consequence, there is a high demand for automated formal methods to construct safe and secure embedded systems. To achieve this, we require a clear understanding of the models and languages that are used in the development process. However, many industrially relevant languages and models, such as Matlab/Simulink and SystemC, are only informally defined. Together with the restricted scalability of formal design and verification techniques, this makes the correct and reliable construction of embedded systems a major challenge. In this talk, I will summarize some of my contributions and current research activities in this field.
16.04.2019	Tracking Active Mobilities: Lessons from North East England	Seraphim Alvanides	Northumbria University
Adopting Fred Ken's famous quote "If you plan cities for cars and traffic, you get cars and traffic", this session will revisit the past in light of the present transport situation in parts of North East England. Focusing on Newcastle upon Tyne and the surrounding conurbations as a case study, I will present two research projects related to active transport, in light of recent transport policy initiatives. The research design, collection, analysis and reporting will be explained in detail, alongside alternative technologies for tracking and analysing active mobilities. I will conclude by discussing the policy implications of this research, especially for post-industrial cities with "planning baggage" competing with visions of urban futures. I will argue that the casualties of infrastructure conflicts are active and sustainable forms of mobility, such as walking and cycling.
23.04.2019	Postponed to May 7	Christian Beecks	Computer Science Department, WWU
Sorry, no abstract available yet.
30.04.2019	Data and Metadata Management in EOSC-hub and beyond	Claudia Mertens	Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum
Due to the fact that research is becoming increasingly data-intensive, research (data) infrastructures need to deal with challenges concerning data and metadata. The European Open Science Cloud should be the place to develop, establish and maintain a common research data ecosystem; however up to now no one really knows what the EOSC will look like at the end. The project EOSC-hub meanwhile aims at creating a single entry point for researchers to discover, access, use and reuse a broad spectrum of resources for advanced data-driven research. But what does that mean in practice? How does the integration of big data infrastructures take place and what does that mean for potential users? Here I will use the discovery service B2FIND as an example for such an integration work. B2FIND provides a simple and user friendly discovery portal for research data stored within EOSC-hub and beyond as a basic service of the pan-European collaborative research data infrastructure EUDAT-CDI. It is intended to be the central search and indexing tool for EOSC-hub. How this is done will be one part of the talk. The other part will focus on how B2FIND interacts with other EOSC-hub services and what general problems (and/or solutions) arise from the potential integration of different software, workflows or use cases.
07.05.2019	Data Management and Analytics Group @ WWU	Christian Beecks	Computer Science Department, WWU
Data are a central phenomenon in our digital information age. They offer unprecedented opportunities to simplify our daily life and increasingly influence our society, economy and science. The digitization of data and the analysis of their inherent information are among the great challenges of our time. By utilizing Big Data methods, we are able to control unmanageable amounts of data and analyze hidden relationships efficiently. In this talk, I would like to give an insight into this fascinating field of research and introduce the Data Management and Analytics Group of the University of Münster.
14.05.2019	Algorithms for Spatially Informed Visualization	Wouter Meulemans	TU Eindhoven
Data is often visualized in their geographic context, by embedding it in maps. Though "geographically accurate" maps are wide spread, their focus lies on the geospatial dimension, rather than on the data itself. In many scenarios, a schematic map can be more effective, by reducing spatial detail and accuracy to crystalize structures and patterns in the data. That is, we may want to control the degree to which the spatial dimension informs the visual representation. Independent of this trade-off, algorithms are necessary to compute visualizations automatically, by placing symbols, routing connections, simplifying shapes, arranging elements and so forth. Taking this algorithmic perspective, I will discuss various problems and solutions for spatially informed visualization.
21.05.2019	Institute Meeting
Sorry, no abstract available yet.
28.05.2019	Toward Ethical AI (not more AI ethics)	Michael Rovatsos	University of Edinburgh
While the issue of AI ethics is receiving more and more attention as adoption of AI technologies in real-world applications is growing immensely, a lot of the discussion is dominated by conceptual and speculative claims and analyses of how we can make sure future AI benefits humanity. Within the AI community, however, it is widely acknowledge that concrete, technical solutions are needed that actually make AI itself behave ethically. In this talk I will discuss some general issues surrounding ethical problems in AI, and present our own preliminary work on ethical self-regulation of users in online platforms with a focus on algorithmic fairness.
04.06.2019	Panel Discussion: Freedom of Research vs. Societal and Ethical Responsibilities	Edzer Pebesma, Christoph Brox, Christian Kray	ifgi
The freedom of science and research has a long tradition and is deep-seated in the German academic system. Consequently it is the framework for our work at the University of Münster. In the age of Enlightenment, i.e., Humboldt-University Berlin, founded 1809, the ambition was to free science from political, governmental, and religious influences. Instead, science should only be obliged to knowledge and rationality. In Germany, it is a constitutional right of professors to determine the content of their lectures, to do research and to publish the results of their research without prior approval. A different viewpoint is that research has the ethical obligation to serve societal needs. While it might be interesting to analyse the linguistic aspects of the oeuvre of a Russian author of the 19th century, it might be more important to do research on how to increase crop yields in sub-Saharan countries. How should stakeholders decide about allocating resources in academic research such as money, time and people? How should individual scientists and academic institutions act in this context? This GI forum will start with two 10-minutes lightning talks. In a biased roleplay, which is NOT representing the respective personal opinions, Edzer Pebesma will argue for freedom of science and research, whereas Christoph Brox will argue for societal and ethical responsibilities and restrictions. Moderated by Christian Kray, the audience will then discuss the contradictory viewpoints and possible consequences – on a personal level as well as on the institutional level of a research institute such as ifgi.
11.06.2019	Pentecost Holidays
Sorry, no abstract available yet.
18.06.2019	Towards open Spatial Data Infrastructures	Bastiaan van Loenen	TU Delft
In the search for the ideal spatial data infrastructure a common ground has been established for the development of open spatial data infrastructures. Starting from confidential, highly restricted data with use limited to particular public sector users, SDIs across Europe have developed towards a wider focus, civil society oriented infrastructure enabling a multitude of users to access, share, use and re-use datasets and services from a wide variety of domains both nationally and internationally. Especially in recent years, several countries and public administrations started to make a shift towards the establishment of an open spatial data infrastructures (SDIs), in which also businesses, citizens and non-governmental actors were considered as key stake-holders of the infrastructure. The concept of Open SDI is gaining importance since European Commission, European Parliament and European Council have reached an agreement on a revised directive that will facilitate the availability and re-use of public sector data. This new directive on Open Data and Public Sector Information will rule that all public sector content that can be accessed under national access to documents rules is in principle freely available for re-use. In addition, high-value datasets such as geospatial data will have to be made available as open data via Application Programming Interfaces (APIs). In this presentation, the concept of Open SDI is introduced to describe and characterize the development and implementation of more open spatial data infrastructures. The ‘Map of Open SDI in Europe’ will be presented, showing the results of three years of exploration of the openness of NSDI implementation in Europe. Finally the presentation will discuss the ever continuing question of how to involve users in SDI development in a successful manner.
25.06.2019	Language and the Visual World: Communicating Between Cultures	Kenny Coventry	University of East Anglia
In this talk I overview a programme of research examining how speakers of different languages describe object location, remember where objects are located, and how object-location memory is affected by language. The focus will be on spatial demonstratives (words including this and that in English; this cup, that computer) and spatial adpositions (in the cup, on the computer, over the house). Following Coventry and Garrod (2004) and Coventry, Griffiths and Hamilton (2014), I outline a model of the use of spatial language, memory for object-location and the effect of language on memory that combines information in long-term memory with actual spatial information leading to situation-specific uses of words and memories for where objects were. Such a model, consistent with models of predictive coding (e.g. Friston, 2005), conceptualizes meaning as a combination of expectation and current experience. In the second part of the talk I look forward to how such models influence how one communicates science in a ‘post-truth’ world. As an example, I focus on communication of climate science. I outline work in collaboration with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in the preparation of guidelines for IPCC authors on how to produce visual and verbal representations of data that are easier for non-climate scientists to understand (see for example Harold, Lorenzoni, Shipley, & Coventry, 2016). References Coventry, K. R. & Garrod, S. C. (2004). Seeing, Saying and Acting: The psychological semantics of spatial prepositions. Psychology Press, Taylor and Francis: Hove and New York. Coventry, K. R., Griffiths, D., & Hamilton, C. J. (2014). Spatial demonstratives and perceptual space: Describing and Remembering object location. Cognitive Psychology, 69, 46-70. Friston, K. (2005). A theory of cortical responses. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 360(1456), 815–836. Harold, J., Lorenzoni, I., Shipley, T. F., & Coventry, K. R. (2016). Cognitive and psychological science insights to improve climate change data visualisation. Nature Climate Change, 6, 1-11.
02.07.2019	Reproducibility of research using crowdsourced or volunteered geographic information	Frank Ostermann	University of Twente
Using crowdsourced or volunteered geographic information has become mainstream in geospatial research. Whether georeferenced social media posts or OpenStreetMap data, crowdsourced or volunteered geographic information has been used in diverse studies, ranging from disaster response to urban planning to epidemiology, and many more. At the same time, other scientific disciplines have faced a veritable replication and reproducibility crisis, in which the results from many published studies could not be reproduced or validated by another team of researchers. A recent investigation in the GIScience domain (Nüst et al. 2018) has shown that in our domain as well the state of reproducibility leaves a lot of room for improvement. This talk will examine the crossroads of these two topics: After looking into reproducibility of geospatial research in general, I will examine what the implications of the particularities of crowdsourced and volunteered geographic information are for reproducible geospatial research. News from the latest workshop on reproducible computational geosciences at the 2019 AGILE conference will round off the talk. Reference: Nüst, D., Granell, C., Hofer, B., Konkol, M., Ostermann, F.O., Sileryte, R., Cerutti, V., 2018. Reproducible research and GIScience: an evaluation using AGILE conference papers. PeerJ 6, e5072. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5072
09.07.2019	Institute Meeting
Sorry, no abstract available yet.

GI-Forum Winter 18/19

Date	Topic	Presenter	Affiliation
09.10.2018	Institute Meeting
no GI Forum will take place
16.10.2018	Working with Images in R	Jeroen Ooms	rOpenSci / UC Berkeley
Images in various forms are used for numerous applications across scientific disciplines. Whether you are observing through satellite or microscope, looking at MRI scans or petri dishes, trying to find patterns or abnormalities, the data is in the image. Unfortunately the tools for working with images are traditionally highly fragmented by field, and often narrow in scope. At rOpenSci we are working on a suite of general purpose packages based on powerful c/c++ libraries. These provide an extensible and interoperable foundation for working with images in R, which can be used to implement domain specific-methods. This talk gives a taste of things we can currently do with images in R, and highlights some of the ongoing developments and challenges.
23.10.2018	Use of Unmanned Aircraft Systems for high-resolution remote sensing in landscape ecology applications	Jan Lehmann	Institute for Landscape Ecology
Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) presents itself as one of the most recent remote sensing technologies in high-resolution spatial and temporal data acquisition. This talk will address the question of how well, this remote sensing technology can be successfully integrated into landscape ecology, in regards to both basic and applied research. Furthermore, perspectives and frontiers of UAS-based remote sensing within landscape ecology are also brought into light. The proficiencies of low-cost camera sensors for vegetation mapping, monitoring and management are evaluated in particular. Newer, more refined image analysis strategies are therefore presented and appraised in regards to accuracy and ecological reliability. Consequently, different case studies take precedence, each serving as models of innovative remote sensing applications highlighting significant topics in current landscape ecological research.
30.10.2018	An Immersive Science of Place - Paradigm Shifts for Geosciences?	Alexander Klippel	Pennsylvania State University
Immersive technologies are going mainstream. Improved in quality and affordable they provide a unique opportunity for spatial sciences, which have, in parallel, witnessed tremendous advancements in 3D sensing and modeling technologies. These synergistic transitions allow spatial disciplines like geosciences, architecture, landscape architecture, or geography, to revisit possibilities for using immersive technologies for communicating and understanding spatial and environmental issues and challenges. What is missing is a more rigorous, scientific approach that provides evidence-based design guidelines for immersive experiences and allows for connecting theories developed in spatial sciences to the opportunities afforded by immersive experiences. Place, as an omnipresent concept in the sciences named above, has the potential to frame the theoretical basis for scientific grounding of immersive experiences. In this talk, immersive experiences for spatial sciences are discussed: immersive workbenches, experiences of past and future scenarios from Mayan Culture to forest futures, as well as virtual field trips. Empirical evidence will be detailed providing the basis for a deeper evaluation of whether or not immersive experiences are indeed a paradigm shift for Spatial Sciences.
06.11.2018	New insights from monitoring deformations of the earth from space	Ramon Hanssen	TU Delft
Using satellite radar interferometry, we can now observe the dynamics of the earth surface with unprecedented resolution and precision. However, it is a genuine big data problem, where many different physical phenomena are juxtaposed, and the main challenge is to reliably disentangle the different components. In this presentation, we will review the basics of the techniques as well as the new insights we derived from the plethora of data.
13.11.2018	Imputing missing values in satellite data: From parametric to non-parametric approaches	Reinhard Furrer	University of Zurich
Remotely sensed data are typically sparse, which means that data have missing values, for instance due to cloud cover. This is problematic for applications and signal processing algorithms that require complete data sets. Hence, imputing the missing values is common and has been extensively discussed in the past, ranging from mechanistic filtering to classical geostatistical interpolation procedures. In the talk I will give some basic concepts of spatial and spatio-temporal prediction and present the new non-parametric gapfill algorithm. This latter method imputes each missing value separately based on data points in a spatio-temporal neighborhood around the missing data point. The imputation of the missing values and the estimation of the corresponding prediction uncertainties are based on sorting procedures and quantile regression. The procedure is implemented and available in the open-source R package gapfill. We illustrate the gapfill algorithm with MODIS NDVI data from Alaska with realistic cloud cover scenarios featuring up to 50% missing data. Validation against established software showed that the gapfill algorithm has a good performance in terms of the root mean squared prediction error.
20.11.2018	Geomarketing: providing location insights to enhance economic efficiency	Tim Appelhans	GFK
Geomarketing is the fourth P in the marketing mix model (also known as the 4Ps): product, price, promotion and place. In addition to classic market research it uses geographic information on various key factors to disseminate business insights spatially. This is done through a mix of ingredients ranging from map data (seamless global mapset), general market/consumer data (e.g. purchasing power) to customer specific data (e.g. store locations and sales) and consumer location data (dynamic mobile locations). In addition to standard data, map and software products, at GfK Geomarketing we offer a wide range of solutions to aid our customers in various business questions such as regional market share analysis, regional traget group evaluation, branch network and distribution partner optimisation, sales territory planning and real estate consulting. This talk will give a general overview of the product portfolio of GfK Geomarketing, how these data are created/calculated and how they are used by our clients. Specific focus will be given to general purchasing power as it is one of the most important indicators for market research, branch network analysis and micro-geographic data products as they are becoming more and more popular.
27.11.2018	Institute meeting
no GI Forum will take place
04.12.2018	Interactive Map-based Support Systems: Supporting social learning and knowledge-co-production in environmental health issues	Rehana Shrestha	University of Twente
Environmental health issues comprise of several characteristics of the environment (e.g. air and noise pollution, availability of green spaces) that inherently influence the health of people and is gaining increasing attention. Involving various stakeholders from both urban planning and public health disciplines has been widely endorsed as a way to address, tackle and manage. However, involving heterogeneous stakeholders is not without challenge as they may have different interests, perspectives and ways of knowing. In my PhD I developed two approaches that use Interactive Map-Based Support Systems. Interactive Map-based Support System herein is conceptualized as GIS-based tools/methods that use tangible interface such as MapTable for facilitating user engagement. I explored the usefulness of such tools/methods to support collaboration, deliberation and dialogues among diverse stakeholders on environmental health issues. These tools and methods were implemented in face-to-face workshops with stakeholders from Dortmund and Munich to support stakeholders’ engagement during problem exploration and stakeholder based cumulative burden assessment. Results are reported based on the micro analysis of observation protocols, questionnaires survey, screen capture of MapTable, and workshop transcripts. Findings suggest that having map based interactive tool can support in capturing tacit knowledge among stakeholders, ensuring opportunities for social learning and knowledge co-production. In these three months of stay at WWU, Ifgi, I plan to extend my knowledge on environmental health issues, particularly focussing on air and noise pollution and in the context of ‘ordinary smart cities’. I will explore and synthesize findings from a variety of ‘ordinary smart cities’ initiatives dealing with air and noise pollution. A comprehensive literature survey will be conducted to identify as well as to understand the sociotechnical assemblage of actors, their logics and technologies (digital/non-digital) associated with existing interventions and explore the extent to which these interventions have been able to address problems of air and noise pollution.
11.12.2018	Mapping inequality in access to resources	Andy Nelson	University of Twente
More equal access to the resources that sustain human well-being, such as education, employment and health services, underpins the equality agenda of 'leaving no one behind' established by the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. Accessibility can be defined as the ability to interact with locations that offer economic and social opportunities; better access usually means better opportunities and better livelihood outcomes. The accessibility of a particular location can be quantified in several ways: equity (i.e. proximity based on distance or travel time); coverage (i.e. the number of reachable resources per person), or; integration (i.e. the likelihood of interactions or the cost of transactions). Spatial modelling of accessibility uses the geographic location of the population in relation to target locations and the transport means and infrastructure to access those locations. This presentation discusses recent work on mapping equity in access in R using the gdistance package, challenges in scaling this globally and how and the importance of good, up to date and easy to use transport network data for accessibility mapping.
18.12.2018	From daily to decadal movement of snow and ice seen from space	Bas Altena	University of Oslo
The Arctic is changing at a rapid pace, and at the same time Earth observation is revolutionized through lower thresholds for space access. Consequently, it is only recently that constellations and fleets of Earth observation platforms sense the cryosphere with both very high spatial and temporal resolution. Opportunities arise from the broken barrier to space and nowadays big volumes of data are acquired. This talk will highlight the potential of this vast volume of data for displacement extraction. Applications will range from short-term movements, such as river ice floods to long-term glacier speed-ups and slow-downs on a large scale.
08.01.2019	The future of transport planning software: data-driven, modular and open	Robin Lovelace	University of Leeds
Transport modelling software is a vital component of modern transport planning. They generate the evidence base on which strategic investments are made and, furthermore, provide a powerful mechanism for researching alternative futures. It would not be an overstatement to say that software determines the range of futures that are visible to policymakers. The focus of this talk is on the status of transport modelling software and how it may evolve in the future. What will they look like? What will their capabilities be? And who will control? Answers to each of these questions will affect the future of transport systems. With reference to my own experience developing R packages for transport planning (notably stplanr, cyclestreets and stats19) and using other tools, this talk will make the case that transport modelling software used in practice will become increasingly data-driven, modular and open.
15.01.2019	Does Index Insurance Help Households Recover from Disaster? Evidence from IBLI Mongolia (joined with Veronika Bertram-Huemmer)	Kati Krähnert	DIW
This talk investigates the impact of indemnity payments from index insurance on the asset recovery of households following a catastrophic weather disaster. Our focus is on the Index-Based Livestock Insurance (IBLI) in Mongolia. We analyze the effect of IBLI indemnity payments after a once-in-50-year winter disaster struck Mongolia over the 2009/10 winter. The analysis is based on three waves of a household panel survey implemented in western Mongolia 2-5 years after the shock. We employ the bias-corrected matching estimator to account for selection into purchasing IBLI. Results indicate that pastoralist households purchasing IBLI before the shock recover faster from shock-induced asset losses than comparable uninsured households. We find a significant, positive and economically large effect of IBLI indemnity payments on herd size one to three years after the shock. Four years after the shock, the effect vanishes. Results are robust to defining post-shock livestock recovery in different ways, the choice of covariates, and the use of alternative propensity score estimators. An analysis of shock coping strategies suggests that IBLI appears to have relieved households from credit constraints. In addition, indemnity payments helped herders avoid selling and slaughtering animals, thus smoothing their productive asset base. Our article is among the first to provide evidence on the beneficial effects of index insurance after a weather shock in a developing economy.
22.01.2019	Improving the usability of 3D city models	Hugo Ledoux	TU Delft
Many companies and governments around the world have recently invested in reconstructing 3D city models because these are essential in applications such as the estimation of the energy consumption, wind simulation, shadow analysis, etc. However, in practice, these 3D models are seldom used. There are several reasons to this, and I will focus on two during the talk: (1) the standard CityGML has in my opinion drawbacks that hinder the use of 3D city models; and (2) current 3D city models contain several (geometric) errors. I will present an alternative to CityGML called CityJSON and discuss how it can help practitioners exchange, update, and manipulate their 3D city models. I will also discuss the current efforts of my research group on automatic repair methods for 3D models.
29.01.2019	Institute Meeting
no GI Forum will take place

GI-Forum Summer 18

Date	Topic	Presenter	Affiliation
10.04.2018	Institute Meeting
Sorry, no abstract available yet.
17.04.2018	Visual Tracking of Small Animals in Cluttered Natural Environments Using a Freely Moving Camera	Benjamin Risse	WWU Münster
Image-based tracking of animals in their natural habi-tats can provide rich behavioural data, but is very challeng-ing due to complex and dynamic background and target ap-pearances. We present an effective method to recover the positions of terrestrial animals in cluttered environments from video sequences ﬁlmed using a freely moving monocu-lar camera. The method uses residual motion cues to detect the targets and is thus robust to different lighting conditions and requires no a-priori appearance model of the animal or environment. The detection is globally optimised based on an inference problem formulation using factor graphs. This handles ambiguities such as occlusions and intersec-tions and provides automatic initialisation. Furthermore, this formulation allows a seamless integration of occasional user input for the most difﬁcult situations, so that the effect of a few manual position estimates are smoothly distributed over long sequences. Testing our system against a bench-mark dataset featuring small targets in natural scenes, we obtain 96% accuracy for fully automated tracking. We also demonstrate reliable tracking in a new data set that includes different targets (insects, vertebrates or artiﬁcial objects) in a variety of environments (desert, jungle, meadows, urban) using different imaging devices (day / night vision cameras, smart phones) and modalities (stationary, hand-held, drone operated).
24.04.2018	GIScience for Dynamic Transportation Systems	Anita Graser	Austrian Institute of Technology
Transport research is an interdisciplinary field with a multitude of research topics that overlap with GIScience since movement, by its very nature, happens in space and time across multiple scales and within different context. Applications range from monitoring, understanding, and guiding local movement, to city-wide and global movement analysis and optimization. GIScience provides a strong foundation for understanding spatial aspects as well as the context of movement but the dynamic nature of movement data is a challenge for many established GI approaches. This talk highlights recent GIScience topics, open research questions and challenges relating to pedestrian navigation, as well as analysis of massive movement data at the AIT Dynamic Transportation Systems group. Paper: Graser, A. (2017). Towards landmark-based instructions for pedestrian navigation systems using OpenStreetMap, AGILE2017, Wageningen, Netherlands. https://agile-online.org/images/conference_2017/Proceedings2017/shortpapers/46_ShortPaper_in_PDF.pdf
01.05.2018	May 1
Sorry, no abstract available yet.
08.05.2018	Acquisition and consolidation of hierarchical representations of space	Wiebke Schick	WWU Münster
Navigation – the ability to reach targets which are no visible from the current position depends on the correct recall of the desired target and the environment between one's current position and this target. The content of these representations are subject to influences from different modalities, e.g. vision, and language. A place can be recognized through different cues, e.g. due to a salient object, but also because of the angles of the routes at an intersection, or a name. The location of places as well as the routes connecting them can be integrated and memorized in an allocentric, survey-like representation. Depending on the amount of detail, the granularity level of a representation can be coarser or finer; the different levels are organized hierarchically. Characteristics of a superordinate category, like a region, can affect the perception of its constituting elements, the places; an inheritance of qualities from region to place levels is possible. The formation of superordinate categories depends both on environmental factors as well as individual ones: what is recognized, what is remembered, and which predictions are drawn from this representation? I examine the acquisition of representations of space, in order to identify features that are well suited for being remembered and auxiliary for navigation. I have two research foci: First, I examine the impact of language by using different hierarchically structured naming schemes as place names. Wiener & Mallot (2003) found that characterizing places only with landmarks belonging to different semantic categories influenced route choice as well as the representations of space. I compare these findings to the impact of different naming schemes. I show that there are naming schemes that may influence behavior in a similar way as a landmark does, but that seeing something and reading its name is by far the same thing. The second part focuses on the content of representations established during navigation. With three different navigation experiments, I examine the content of the concepts of space that are acquired during navigation. What is remembered - the location of places, the routes, or the hierarchical structure of the experimental environment? Are there features that are more likely to be consolidated during sleep, e.g., the transfer of concrete knowledge about places and routes into an abstract, survey-like representation? I show that there are improvements in one wayfinding task correlated to sleep. In the other experiments, learning effects were found for both groups. I also address the question of suitable parameters for measuring survey knowledge.
15.05.2018	Visualization of Uncertainty: Empirical Studies	Sarah Fabrikant	University of Zurich
Sorry, no abstract available yet.
22.05.2018	Pentecost Holidays
Sorry, no abstract available yet.
29.05.2018	Institute Meeting
No GI Forum will take place
05.06.2018	Assessing students' individual progress: Concept, trajectories, and effects	Elmar Souvignier	Institut für Psychologie in Bildung und Erziehung, WWU
Assessing students’ individual progress: Concept, trajectories, and effects Elmar Souvignier, University of Münster Does every single student take benefit from my instruction? In contrast to (typical) diagnostic approaches that focus on students’ level of achievement, the idea behind learning progress assessment is to measure change. The concept of ‘progress monitoring’ was designed with the aim to support teachers’ instructional decision making (data-based decision making). In other words: Measuring progress by use of multiple points of measurement (e.g. weekly assessments) should help teachers to differentiate instruction based on objective diagnostic information. This, as a consequence, should lead to positive learning effects. In our research program we designed a web-based system for learning progress assessment with parallel tests for reading and mathematics from grades 1 to 6. First, we analyzed the technical adequacy of these tests (reliability, validity, sensitivity to change, parallelism). As a second research question we were curious about childrens’ learning trajectories over the period of one school year. Analyzing latent classes of learning progress we found that children not only differ with respect to their level of achievement but also according to individual progress of learning. The third focus of our research program was to evaluate effects of providing teachers with diagnostic information about their students’ progress. Throughout three replications we found that learning progress assessment leads to small but reliable positive effects on reading achievement. Future studies deal with the question of optimizing the concept of learning progress assessment by adding feedback-routines and providing teachers with material for differentiated instruction.
12.06.2018	The Earth System Lab: A light-weight data cube approach to study land-atmosphere interactions at the global scale	Miguel Mahecha	Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena
Scientists today are confronted with a plethora of Earth observations (EO) and derived downstream data products. These data streams are extremely valuable for studying processes at the global scale, for instance on how climate extremes influence primary production among others. To jointly exploit these datasets, scientists have to deal with a multitude of data formats, data usage policies, inconsistent resolutions and formatting, as well as getting access to suitable computation and data storage facilities. This time-consuming work slows down scientific progress. The “Earth System Data Lab” is a novel infrastructure for scientists to overcome limitations of this kind. It not only provides a set of harmonized data cubes, but also developed a strong data analytics toolkit in tandem with access to computational facilities to jointly analyze the datasets. The data cube consists on a selection of diverse Earth observation datasets including multiple atmospheric variables, Land-Atmosphere fluxes, biophysical parameters and is currently extended to ocean variables. These datasets are analysis-ready, harmonized on different temporal and spatial resolutions to allow rapid exploitation. The core data analytic toolkit allows users, if proficient in a language of scientific computing like Python or Julia, to apply their own analysis methods on the multivariate data cube. Examples implemented include nonlinear time series analytic tools, dimensionality reduction approaches, or anomaly detectors, among others. To showcase the potential of the approach we will present some scientific case studies demonstrating the full potential of the infrastructure and seek for participants in our early-adopter user engagement call. Our latest paper on using the cube is this one - still in discussion: https://www.biogeosciences-discuss.net/bg-2018-130/bg-2018-130.pdf
19.06.2018	Gaze behavior in natural environments – Why some objects and areas may be more salient than others	Rul von Stülpnagel	Uni Freiburg
When navigating natural environments, some of the elements surrounding us or even entire areas appear more salient than others. They may thus be used, for example, as landmarks that enable us to retrace a route or provide a route description for others. Based on the differentiation of semantic, visual, and structural salience of landmarks, we investigated the gaze behavior of participants during incidental and intentional route learning. We found that visually salient landmarks attracted more gazes in general, independent of learning intention. However, structurally salient landmarks (e.g., landmarks into the turning direction) were particularly relevant during intentional learning. Further evidence for the benefits of structurally salient landmarks on memory for turning directions comes from a controlled lab-study. In a related research vein, we aimed at linking the perception of subjective risk during urban cycling to the gaze distribution in the local environment. Less surprising, people tend to focus on those areas they assume to be dangerous. More interestingly, preliminary findings imply that although cyclists identify most potentially dangerous areas correctly, some spots are literally overlooked, thus contributing to the level of objective risk for an accident.
25.06.2018	Schematic Mapping from an Algorithmic Perspective	Prof. Martin Nöllenburg	TU Wien
Schematic maps deliberately distort topographic reality and use a simplified and rather abstract depiction of spatial objects and relations in order to facilitate selected types of map use. For example, in a schematic public transport map, the most important information is the connectivity of stations and the course of each transit line so as to allow for fast visual route planning in the transport system. In a schematic road map, the important information for a driver who wants to get from A to B is, how to turn at road junctions to get to the destination. Creating schematic network maps automatically is a challenging problem that has also been addressed from a formal, mathematical perspective in the fields of graph drawing and computational geometry. Combining rigorous mathematical modeling and methods from algorithm engineering, the aim is to design and implement efficient algorithms with proven quality guarantees and evaluate them experimentally. This talk gives an overview of different algorithmic approaches for network schematization and their respective properties.
03.07.2018	Interacting with Space and Spatial Data	Ioannis Giannopoulos	TU Wien
Understanding how humans interact with their surroundings during spatial decision-making is crucial for the understanding of several processes, such as navigation. Furthermore, during spatial decision-making humans also with spatial data often presented to them through a display device. Through eye tracking and machine learning we are able to come closer to an understanding, optimize the relevant interaction dialogues, classify relevant interaction spaces and assist humans during the process of spatial decision-making.
10.07.2018	How to test research hypotheses with geographic prisms	Werner Kuhn	University of California, Santa Barbara
The so-called "spatial turn" in the humanities and social sciences can largely be attributed to a fundamental observation that Barney Warf and Santa Arias stated in their 2008 book: “Geography matters, not for the simplistic and overly-used reason that everything happens in space, but because where things happen is critical to knowing how and why they happen.” In my presentation, I ask whether and how this observation can be exploited for scientific hypotheses testing. An analysis of case studies where some form of spatial analysis was beneficially used in hypothesis testing, leads me to conclude that a surprisingly simple recipe can indeed be stated to test hypotheses spatially. The preliminary results can be seen as an operationalization of the "geographic prism” metaphor that has been used informally in the literature.
17.07.2018	Institute Meeting
No GI Forum will take place.

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