© Helene Richter

Prof. Dr. Helene Richter

richterh@uni-muenster.de

Tel: (+49)-(0)251-83-21014
Fax: (+49)-(0)251-83-23896

Room 154

Office hours: upon consultation

 
Research Foci
  • Refinement of animal experiments and housing conditions
  • Reproducibility and generalizability of animal experiments
  • Animal welfare
  • Cognition and emotion
  • Animal welfare and animal personality
CV

Academic Education

PhD-studies, Animal Welfare and Ethology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
Studies of Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster

Positions

Professor for Behavioural Biology and Animal Welfare
Postdoctoral researcher, Department of Behavioural Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
Postdoctoral researcher, Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health and Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience (BCCN), Mannheim / Heidelberg
Postdoctoral researcher, Animal Welfare and Ethology, Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
PhD student, Animal Welfare and Ethology, Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen

Prizes

Margarete von Wrangell-HabilitationsprogrammMinisterium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst Baden-Württemberg
KlarText – Klaus Tschira Preis für verständliche Wissen­schaft in the category Fach Biologie (1st place) – Klaus Tschira Stiftung gGmbH

External Functions

University of Münster (Tierschutzausschuss, Vice speaker)
Faculty of Biology, University of Münster (Gleichstellungskommission, Speaker)
Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (Center for Philosophy of Science, Board member)
CRC TRR 212 “A Novel Synthesis of Individualisation across Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution: Niche Choice, Niche Conformance, Niche Construction (NC3) (Steering Committee, Member)
University of Münster (Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, Board member)
Research Training Group EvoPAD ("Evolutionary Processes in Adaptation and Disease") (Steering Committee, Member)
Manager of the Ethological Society e.V. (Geschäftsführerin)
Executive board member of the Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience (OCC), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster (Vice speaker)
Member of the Coordination Commission for Animal Experimentation, University of Münster
Member of the Hessian Animal Welfare Committee
Member of the Human Affectome Project, Neuroqualia, Happiness Team, Nova Scotia, Canada
Member of the Young North Rhine-Westphalian Academy of Sciences, Humanities and the Arts (“Junges Kolleg” NRW)
Member of the Ethological Society e.V.
Member of International Society of Applied Ethology (ISAE)

Appointments

Ruf auf eine Professur für "In vitro und in vivo Modelle" (§ 98 UG 2002), Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien
, In vitro und in vivo Modelle – rejected
Ruf auf eine Professur für Verhaltensbiologie und Tierschutz (W2), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
University of Münster, Verhaltensbiologie und Tierschutz (W2) – accepted
Call for a temporary W2-S-professorship for “Animal welfare and refinement in animal experimentation”, Freie Universität Berlin and German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)
, Animal welfare and refinement in animal experimentation – rejected
Call for a W1-professorship for “Ethology of Farm Animals”, Landwirtschaftliche Fakultät, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn
, Ethology of Farm Animals (W1) – rejected
Projects

In Process

Finished

Publications

  • , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . . “Individualised niches: an integrative conceptual framework across behaviour, ecology, and evolution.” Preprint. Biological reviews 101: 17931804. doi: 10.1002/brv.70147.
  • , , , and . . “The sound of silence: sex and individual differences in rat ultrasonic vocalization.Behavioural Brain Research 496 115823. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115823.
  • , , , and . . “Shaped from an early age: Hormonal and behavioural phenotypes in juvenile male guinea pigs living in distinct social environments.Physiology and Behavior 305 115210. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115210.
  • , , , , , , , and . . “Effects of enrichment removal on cognitive judgement bias of mice: a comparison of two paradigms.Frontiers in Veterinary Science 13 1813283. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2026.1813283.
  • , , , , and . . “Personality tips the scale: how individual differences in exploration shape behavioural and hormonal adjustment to different environments.Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 14 1769757. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2026.1769757.
  • , , , , , , , and . . “Reflective interdisciplinarity in practice: integrating biology and philosophy in studies of individualization.Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 13 1247. doi: 10.1057/s41599-026-08458-4.

  • , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . . “An interdisciplinary linked-lives approach to individual differences in social behaviour.Nature Human Behaviour 9 (10). doi: 10.1038/s41562-025-02301-7.
  • , , , , , , , , , , and . . “Testing the reproducibility of ecological studies on insect behavior in a multi-laboratory setting identifies opportunities for improving experimental rigour.PLoS Biology 23 (4) e3003019. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003019.
  • , , and . . “Towards a scientific definition of animal emotions: Integrating innate, appraisal, and network mechanisms.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 172 106127. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106127.
  • , , , and . . “Animal research revisited - the case of behavioural studies.Trends in Ecology & Evolution 40 (2): 99103. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2024.11.014.
  • , , , , , , , and . . “The behavioural ecology of optimism: judgement bias and foraging under predation risk in mice.Animal Behaviour 219 122991. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.10.005.
  • , , , and . . “Optimism and pessimism: a concept for behavioural ecology.Biological reviews 100: 11521162. doi: 10.1111/brv.13178.
  • , , and . . “Task complexity matters: investigating behavioural lateralization in rats.Animal Behaviour 123118. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123118.
  • , , , , and . . “What it is like to be an optimist: temporal stability of cognitive bias in rats and its link to other individual traits.Animal Behaviour 224 123202. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123202.
  • , , and . . “Is Paw Preference in Rats Influenced by Environmental Novelty?Ethology 131: 7793. doi: 10.1111/eth.13580.
  • , , , , and . . “Forever an optimist? Investigating the temporal consistency of optimism within and across life phases in rats.Animal Behaviour 229 123334. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123334.
  • , , , and . . “The influence of regularly changing enrichment on the cognitive judgement bias of laboratory rats.Scientific Reports 15 35049. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-22088-x.
  • , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . . “An interdisciplinary linked-lives approach to individual differences in social behaviour.Nature Human Behaviour 9: 20122026. doi: 10.1038/s41562-025-02301-7.

  • . . “Challenging current scientific practice: How a shift in research methodology could reduce animal use.Lab Animal 53: 912. doi: 10.1038/s41684-023-01308-9.
  • , , , , and . . “Shaped by you: The effect of social partner on cortisol and behavior during adolescence in a female rodent.Ethology 130 e13414. doi: 10.1111/eth.13414.
  • , and . . “Systematic heterogenization revisited: Increasing variation in animal experiments to improve reproducibility?Journal of Neuroscience Methods 401 109992. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2023.109992.
  • , , , , and . . “Individualized social niches in animals: Theoretical clarifications and processes of niche change.BioScience 74: 146158. doi: 10.1093/biosci/biad122.
  • . . “The human affectome.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 158 105450. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105450.
  • , , , and . . “Social niche shapes social behavior and cortisol concentrations during adolescence in female guinea pigs.Hormones and Behavior 162 (105539). doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105539.
  • , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . “Individualisation and individualised science across disciplinary perspectives.European Journal for Philosophy of Science 14 (41) 41. doi: 10.1007/s13194-024-00602-8.
  • , , , , , and . . “Personality matters – The interplay between consistent individual differences and mouse welfare in female C57BL6/J mice.Frontiers in Animal Science 5 (14238). doi: 10.3389/fanim.2024.1423814.
  • , , , , and . “Specifically Unspecific – Simple Devices as Feasible and Effective Enrichment for Small Mammals.Animal Behavior and Cognition 11 (3): 305329. doi: 10.26451/abc.11.03.05.2024.

  • , , , , and . . “Behavioral lateralization of mice varying in serotonin transporter genotype.Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 16 1095567. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1095567.
  • , , , , , , , and . . “Effects of castration and sterilization on cortisol responsiveness – a case study in male guinea pigs.Frontiers in Veterinary Science 9 (1093157). doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1093157.
  • , , , , , , , , , , , and . . “Behavioral voluntary and social bioassays enabling identification of complex and sex-dependent pain-(-related) phenotypes in rats with bone cancer.Cancers 15 (1565). doi: 10.3390/cancers15051565.
  • , , , , , and . . “The power of a touch: Regular touchscreen training but not its termination affects hormones and behavior in mice.Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 17. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1112780.
  • , , , , , and . . “Increasing information gain in animal research by improving statistical model accuracy.” contribution to the International Workshop on Mathematical Modeling and Scientific Computing 2022, München doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2514/1/012021.
  • , , , , and . . “Conditional on the social environment? Roots of repeatability in hormone concentrations of male guinea pigs.Hormones and Behavior 155 105423.
  • , , , , , , and . . “Structural enrichment for laboratory mice: exploring the effects of novelty and complexity.Frontiers in Veterinary Science 10 1207332. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1207332.

  • , and . . “Don’t worry, be happy? Ein verhaltensbiologischer Blick auf das Gefühlsleben der Tiere.” in Das unterschätzte Tier, edited by N Sachser, N Kästner and T Zimmermann. Hamburg: Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag.
  • , , , , and . . “When left is right: The effects of paw preference training on behaviour in mice.Behavioural Brain Research 430 (113929).
  • , , , , , , , , , , , and . . “Do multiple experimenters improve the reproducibility of animal studies?PLoS Biology 20(3) (e3001564). doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001564.
  • , , , , and . . “Repeatability of endocrine traits and dominance rank in female guinea pigs.Frontiers in Zoology 19 (1): 4.. doi: 10.1186/s12983-021-00449-2.
  • , , , , , , and . . “The impact of varying food availability on gene expression in the liver: Testing the Match-Mismatch hypothesis.Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (910762).
  • , , , , , , , and . . “Once an Optimist, Always an Optimist? Studying Cognitive Judgment Bias in Mice.Behavioral Ecology 33: 775788.
  • , , , , , , , and . . “Transcriptional profiles in the mouse amygdala after a cognitive judgment bias test largely depend on the genotype.Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience 15 1025389. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1025389.
  • , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . . “The rearing environment persistently modulates mouse phenotypes from the molecular to the behavioural level.PLoS Biology 20 (10) e3001837. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001837.
  • , and . . “Always Looking on the Bright Side of Life?forschung. Das Magazin der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft 3 (4): 2427.
  • , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . . “The rearing environment persistently modulates mouse phenotypes from the molecular to the behavioural level.PLoS Biology 20 (10). doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001837.

  • , , , , and . . “The impact of varying food availability on health and welfare in mice: Testing the Match-Mismatch hypothesis.Physiology and Behavior 228 (113193). doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113193.
  • , , , , , and . . “Individuality meets plasticity: Endocrine phenotypes across male dominance rank acquisition in guinea pigs living in a complex social environment.Hormones and Behavior 131 104967. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.104967.
  • , , , , and . . “Beyond standardization: Improving external validity and reproducibility in experimental evolution.BioScience biab008. doi: 10.1093/biosci/biab008.
  • , , , , , and . . “A step in the right direction: the effect of context, strain and sex on paw preference in mice.Animal Behaviour 174: 2130. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.01.012.
  • , , , , , and . . “Regular touchscreen training affects faecal corticosterone metabolites and anxiety-like behaviour in mice.Behavioural Brain Research 401: 113080. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113080.
  • , , , , , , and . . “Not all mice are alike: Mixed-strain housing alters social behaviour.Physiology and Behavior 228 (113220). doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113220.
  • , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . . “The neuroscience of positive emotions and affect: Implications for cultivating happiness and wellbeing.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 121: 220249. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.002.
  • , , , , , , , , , and . . “Individuality, as well as genetic background, affects syntactical features of courtship songs in male mice.Animal Behaviour 180: 179196.

  • . . “Reproduzierbarkeit von Verhaltensdaten (Kapitel 8.3).” in Methoden der Verhaltensbiologie, edited by M Naguib and ET Krause. Berlin: Springer Spektrum.
  • . . “Automated home-cage testing as a tool to improve reproducibility of behavioral research?Frontiers in Neuroscience 14: 383..
  • , , , , , , , and . . “The effects of different feeding routines on welfare in laboratory mice.Frontiers in Veterinary Science 6: 479.
  • , , , , , and . . “Improving reproducibility in animal research by splitting the study population into several ‘mini-experiments’.Scientific Reports 10 (16579). doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-73503-4.
  • , , , , , and . . “Effects of different social experiences on emotional state in mice.Scientific Reports 10 (15255). doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-71994-9.
  • . . “It is time for an empirically informed paradigm shift in animal research.Nature Reviews Neuroscience 21: 660. doi: 10.1038/s41583-020-0370-7.
  • , , , , , and . . “Adaptive reshaping of the hormonal phenotype after social niche transition in adulthood.Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287 20200667. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0667.
  • , , , , , and . . “Effects of different social experiences on emotional state in mice.Scientific Reports 10 (15255). doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-71994-9.

  • , , , , , , , and . . “High reproductive success despite queuing – Socio-sexual development of males in a complex social environment.Frontiers in Psychology 10 2810. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02810.
  • , , , , and . . “Differential effects of serotonin transporter genotype on anxiety-like behavior and cognitive judgment bias in mice.Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 13: 263.
  • , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . . “Making translation work: Harmonizing cross-species methodology in the behavioural neuroscience of Pavlovian fear conditioning.Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 107: 329345.
  • , , , , , and . . “Heterogenising study samples across testing time improves reproducibility of behavioural data.Scientific Reports 9: 8247..
  • , , , , , and . . “Have I been here before? Effects of repeated testing and age on the results of behavioural tests.Behavioural Brain Research 367: 143148.
  • , , , , , , , and . . “Can live with ‘em, can live without ‘em: pair housed male C57BL/6J mice show low aggression and increasing sociopositive interactions with age, but can adapt to single housing if separated.Applied Animal Behaviour Science 214: 7988.
  • , , , , , , , and . . “Brain serotonin deficiency affects female aggression.Scientific Reports 9 (1366).
  • , , , , , , and . . “Technology or ecology? New tools to assess cognitive judgement bias in mice.Behavioural Brain Research 362: 279287. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.021.
  • , and . . “From the individual to the population – and back again? Emphasising the role of the individual in animal welfare science.Applied Animal Behaviour Science 212: 18.

  • , , , , , and . . “Evidence-based severity assessment: Impact of repeated versus single open-field testing on welfare in C57BL/6J mice.Behavioural Brain Research 336: 261268.
  • , , , , , and . . “Varying social experiences in adulthood do not differentially affect anxiety-like behavior but stress hormone levels.Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 12: 72..
  • . . “‘Never replicate a successful experiment’ - Gedanken über Unschärfe im Tierversuch.” in Unschärfe – der Umgang mit fehlender Eindeutigkeit, edited by S Freitag, M Geierhos, R Asmani and JI Haug.
  • , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . . “Reproducibility and replicability of rodent phenotyping in preclinical studies.Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 87: 218232.
  • . . “Aus dem VBIO.Biologie in unserer Zeit (BIUZ) 48: 23..
  • , , and . . “Artgerecht/tiergerecht.” in Handbuch Tierethik, edited by JS Ach and D Borchers. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler Verlag.
  • , , and . . “Emotionen.” in Handbuch Tierethik, edited by JS Ach and D Borchers. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler Verlag.

  • . . “Systematic heterogenization for better reproducibility in animal experimentation.Lab Animal 46: 343349. doi: 10.1038/laban.1330.
  • , , , , and . . “Social experiences during adolescence affect anxiety-like behavior but not aggressiveness in male mice.Behavioural Brain Research 326: 147153. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.03.017.
  • , , , , and . . “What a difference a day makes - female behaviour is less predictable near ovulation.Royal Society Open Science 4. doi: 10.1098/rsos.160998.

  • , , , , , , and . . “Impact of life history on fear memory and extinction.Frontiers in Behavioural Neuroscience 10: 185. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00185.
  • , , , and . . “Looking on the bright side of bias – validation of an affective bias test for laboratory mice.Applied Animal Behaviour Science 181: 173181.
  • , , and . . “Improving external validity of experimental animal data.” in Animal Models for Human Cancer: Discovery and Development of Novel Therapeutics, edited by MI Martic-Kehl and PA Schubiger. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag.
  • , , , , , , , , , and . . “Daily exposure to a touchscreen-paradigm and associated food restriction evokes an increase in adrenocortical and neural activity in mice.Hormones and Behavior 81: 97105.
  • , , , , , , and . . “The Unexpected Effects of Beneficial and Adverse Social Experiences during Adolescence on Anxiety and Aggression and Their Modulation by Genotype.Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 10 (97). doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00097.
  • , , , , , , , , and . . “A time to wean? Impact of weaning age on anxiety-like behaviour and stability of behavioural traits in full adulthood.PloS one 11(12): e0167652.. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167652.
  • , , , , and . . “Play matters - the surprising relationship between juvenile playfulness and anxiety in later life.Animal Behaviour 114: 261271. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.02.003.

  • , and . . “Animals can tell us more.Behavioral and Brain Sciences 38: 4445.
  • , and . . “The Snark was a Boojum – reloaded.Frontiers in Zoology 12: S20.
  • , , , , , , , , , and . . “Benefits of adversity?! How life history affects the behavioral profile of mice varying in serotonin transporter genotype.Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 9: 47.
  • , , , , , and . “Benefits of a "vulnerability gene"? A study in serotonin transporter knockout mice.Behavioural Brain Research 283. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.031.

  • , , , , , , , , , , and . . “Touchscreen-paradigm for mice reveals cross-species evidence for an antagonistic relationship of cognitive flexibility and stability.Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 8: 154.. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00154.
  • , , , , , , and . . “Lack of protracted behavioral abnormalities following intermittent or continuous chronic mild hypoxia in perinatal C57BL/6 mice.Neuroscience Letters 577C: 7782. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.06.022.
  • , , , , , , and . . “The effects of neonatal cryoanaesthesia-induced hypothermia on adult emotional behaviour and stress markers in C57BL/6 mice.Behavioural Brain Research 270C: 300306. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.002.
  • , , and . . “Resting Is Rusting: A Critical View on Rodent Wheel-Running Behavior.Neuroscientist 20(4): 313325. doi: 10.1177/1073858413516798.
  • , , , and . . “A matter of timing: harm reduction in learned helplessness.Behavioral and Brain Functions 10: 41..

  • , , , , , and . . “Where have I been? Where should I go? Spatial working memory on a radial arm maze in a rat model of depression.PloS one 8 (4): e62458.. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062458.
  • , , , , and . . “Preconceptional paternal exposure to a single traumatic event affects postnatal growth of female but not male offspring.NeuroReport 24 (15): 85660. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000000007.
  • , , , , and . . “Environmental enrichment ameliorates depressive-like symptoms in young rats bred for learned helplessness.Behavioural Brain Research 252: 28792. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.06.021.
  • , , and . . “Reply to: "Reanalysis of Richter et al. (2010) on reproducibility".Nature Methods 10 (5): 374.. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.2446.
  • , , , , , and . . “Are you real? Visual simulation of social housing by mirror image stimulation in single housed mice.Behavioural Brain Research 243: 1918. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.01.015.
  • , , , , , , , , , , , , and . . “Enhanced mGlu5-receptor dependent long-term depression at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapse of congenitally learned helpless rats.Neuropharmacology 66: 33947. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.05.046.

  • , , , , , and . . “A glass full of optimism: enrichment effects on cognitive bias in a rat model of depression.Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience 12 (3): 52742. doi: 10.3758/s13415-012-0101-2.
  • , , , and . . “Cage-induced stereotypies, perseveration and the effects of environmental enrichment in laboratory mice.Behavioural Brain Research 234 (1): 618. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.06.007.
  • , , , , , , , , , and . . “Repetitive exposure to a 7 Tesla static magnetic field of mice in utero does not cause alterations in basal emotional and cognitive behavior in adulthood.Reproductive Toxicology 34 (1): 8692. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.03.006.

  • , , , , , , , and . . “Differences in mouse maternal care behavior - is there a genetic impact of the glucocorticoid receptor?PloS one 6 (4): e19218.. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019218.
  • , , , , , , , and . . “Effect of population heterogenization on the reproducibility of mouse behavior: a multi-laboratory study.PloS one 6 (1): e16461.. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016461.
  • , , , , and . . “Cage-induced stereotypies in female ICR CD-1 mice do not correlate with recurrent perseveration.Behavioural Brain Research 216 (2): 61320. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.09.003.
  • . . “Illusion der perfekten Kontrolle.Bild der Wissenschaft plus 2011: 2023.
  • . . “Illusion der perfekten Kontrolle.Vet Journal 12/11: 4649.
  • , , , and . . “Variation in stress reactivity affects cage-induced stereotypies in female CD-1 (ICR) mice.Applied Animal Behaviour Science 133: 101108.

  • , , , , and . . “Systematic variation improves reproducibility of animal experiments.Nature Methods 7 (3): 1678. doi: 10.1038/nmeth0310-167.
  • . . “Standardization in animal experiments: Necessity or fallacy?Dissertation thesis, Universität Münster.

  • , , and . . “Environmental standardization: cure or cause of poor reproducibility in animal experiments?Nature Methods 6 (4): 25761. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.1312.
  • , , , , , , , , , and . . “Levodopa Ameliorates Learning and Memory Deficits in a Murine Model of Alzheimer's Disease.Neurobiology of Aging 30 (8): 11921204. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.11.010.

  • , , , , , , , , , and . . “Wheel-Running in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease: Protection or Symptom?Behavioural Brain Research 190 (1): 7484. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.02.005.

  • . . Was ist Glück?, edited by B Heller.