New approach to studying individual differences in social behaviour
Why do individuals – both humans and animals – differ so greatly in how they interact with others? How do social experiences shape these differences? And what consequences do variations in social behaviour have for individuals and communities? An interdisciplinary research team led by psychologists Dr Niclas Kuper and Prof Dr Mitja Back from the University of Münster has presented a new framework in the journal Nature Human Behaviour for systematically studying the diversity of individual social behaviour. The so-called “Linked-Lives approach” integrates insights from psychology, biology, sociology, economics, and philosophy. Its goal is to provide a comprehensive understanding of individual differences in social behaviour – across disciplinary boundaries, species, and contexts.
„Our approach connects previously separate research traditions and allows us to better understand the complex interplay between individuals and their social environments,” explains Niclas Kuper, lead author of the study. “We do not view social behaviour in isolation but as part of a network of interconnected lives – linked lives.“ The new model is built on three key pillars: What forms of individual differences in social behaviour exist – for example, in dominance, warmth, cooperation, or aggression? How do these differences arise – through which genetic factors, social experiences, and their interplay? What are the consequences of these differences – for health, relationships, performance, or social cohesion?
This integrative perspective enables researchers to bridge findings from human and animal studies. In doing so, it allows exploration of both the evolutionary roots of individuality and the cultural or societal specifics of social behaviour. “Our research shows that individuality is not a source of noise but a fundamental feature of social life,” emphasizes Mitja Back, senior author of the paper. “It’s essential that we learn to understand and appreciate this diversity.” The approach also opens new avenues for developing tailored interventions in fields such as education, work, and health. “When we understand the causes and consequences of different forms of social behaviour, we can foster positive development more effectively – at the level of individuals, groups, and societies,” notes Dr Niclas Kuper. “This applies equally to managing social conflict and to promoting cooperation and trust.”
The publication emerged within the Joint Institute for Individualisation in a Changing Environment (JICE) and includes researchers from psychology, biology, economics, sociology, philosophy, and sports science. The JICE is a collaboration between the University of Münster and Bielefeld University, that strengthens their research profile in the field of individualisation studies.
Originalpublikation
Kuper, N., Breitmoser, Y., Caspers, B. et al. (2025). An interdisciplinary linked-lives approach to individual differences in social behaviour. Nature Human Behaviour. doi.org/10.1038/s41562-025-02301-7