HIV and COVID-19: two pandemics with significant (but different) central nervous system complications

Authors

  • Shino Magaki Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA
  • Ting Zhang Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA
  • Karam Han Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA; current affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
  • Hilda Mirbaha Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA
  • William H. Yong Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
  • Cristian Achim Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
  • Gregory Fishbein Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
  • Michael C. Fishbein Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
  • Omai Garner Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
  • Noriko Salamon Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
  • Christopher K. Williams Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA
  • Miguel A. Valdes-Sueiras Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
  • Jeffrey J. Hsu Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
  • Theodoros Kelesidis Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; current affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
  • Glenn E. Mathisen Department of Infectious Diseases, Olive View-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Sylmar, CA, USA
  • Helen Lavretsky Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
  • Elyse J. Singer Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
  • Harry V. Vinters Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17879/freeneuropathology-2024-5343

Keywords:

HIV, COVID-19, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, Long COVID, Post-COVID conditions, Neuropathology

Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cause significant neurologic disease. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement of HIV has been extensively studied, with well-documented invasion of HIV into the brain in the initial stage of infection, while the acute effects of SARS-CoV-2 in the brain are unclear. Neuropathologic features of active HIV infection in the brain are well characterized whereas neuropathologic findings in acute COVID-19 are largely non-specific. On the other hand, neuropathologic substrates of chronic dysfunction in both infections, as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and post-COVID conditions (PCC)/long COVID are unknown. Thus far, neuropathologic studies on patients with HAND in the era of combined antiretroviral therapy have been inconclusive, and autopsy studies on patients diagnosed with PCC have yet to be published. Further longitudinal, multidisciplinary studies on patients with HAND and PCC and neuropathologic studies in comparison to controls are warranted to help elucidate the mechanisms of CNS dysfunction in both conditions.

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Published

2024-03-05

How to Cite

Magaki, S., Zhang, T., Han, K., Mirbaha, H., Yong, W. H., Achim, C., Fishbein, G., Fishbein, M. C., Garner, O., Salamon, N., Williams, C. K., Valdes-Sueiras, M. A., Hsu, J. J., Kelesidis, T., Mathisen, G. E., Lavretsky, H., Singer, E. J., & Vinters, H. V. (2024). HIV and COVID-19: two pandemics with significant (but different) central nervous system complications. Free Neuropathology, 5, 5. https://doi.org/10.17879/freeneuropathology-2024-5343

Issue

Vol. 5 (2024)

Section

Reviews

License

Copyright (c) 2024 Shino Magaki, Ting Zhang, Karam Han, Hilda Mirbaha, William H. Yong, Cristian Achim, Gregory Fishbein, Michael C. Fishbein, Omai Garner, Noriko Salamon, Christopher K. Williams, Miguel A. Valdes-Sueiras, Jeffrey J. Hsu, Theodoros Kelesidis, Glenn E. Mathisen, Helen Lavretsky, Elyse J. Singer, Harry V. Vinters

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