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February 2026

Karlsruher Institut für Technologie

After completion of the measurement campaign in summer 2025, the working group at KIT will focus on the remaining evaluation of the measurement data, with particular emphasis on the calculation of the quality factor. For this purpose, additional local seismic velocity models (P-wave and S-wave velocities) are required for each site. However, these were not determined separately, and therefore literature values and/or conversions derived from geological models are being researched, tested, and applied.

In addition, the preparation of a scientific paper has begun, which is planned to be submitted for peer review in summer 2026.

Another task concerns the long-term data archiving and documentation. The seismic waveform data and associated metadata will be transferred to the GFZ Potsdam, GEOFON archive. A report has been prepared for this purpose, and the metadata are currently being compiled and reviewed.

University Münster

These slides summarizes the results of attenuation study in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) within the dbMISS project using two complementary methods and two data sets: coda-wave attenuation (Qc) and coda normalization method (Q-CN), using Earthquake and quarry blast data collected in the study area. Qc is derived from the exponential decay of late coda waves and mainly reflects scattering dominated attenuation, whereas Q-CN estimates path averaged attenuation by normalizing direct S-wave amplitudes with coda amplitudes at fixed lapse times, making it more sensitive to shallow crustal structures. Frequency dependent analysis using optimal coda windows (5–15 s) shows that both parameters follow a power law relation Q(f)=Q0 f^n, with Qc exhibiting steeper frequency dependence (n ≈ 0.9–1.0) and consistently larger values than Q-CN (n ≈ 0.6–0.8), reflecting the more diffusive character of late coda waves. This behavior indicates that high frequency seismic waves attenuate less efficiently than lower frequency waves, which is typical for heterogeneous crustal media dominated by scattering.

Earthquake data shows higher Q values due to deeper sources and longer propagation paths through consolidated crust, while quarry blasts show strong attenuation and scattering in shallow sediments. In summary, the results indicate a depth dependent attenuation structure in NRW, where sedimentary cover causes strong shallow attenuation, basin faults enhance low frequency scattering, and the crystalline basement exhibits higher Q values at depth.

Geological Service NRW

The 2D seismic velocity model for three TK25 map sheets in North Rhine-Westphalia—Havixbeck, Kempen, and Salzkotten—was visualized and analyzed along the survey lines conducted by KIT. The focus is on Rayleigh wave velocity (Vr) and the attenuation parameter (Qr) to characterize the mechanical and dissipative properties of the subsurface.

The results show significant spatial variability, which is closely related to lithological differences and the degree of consolidation of the geological formations: high Vr and Qr values are generally associated with compact and well-consolidated rocks (e.g., Cretaceous or Paleozoic formations), whereas lower values typically occur in unconsolidated Quaternary sediments.

The maps and lithological cross-sections thus illustrate the relationship between seismic parameters and the regional geological structure. Future work includes improving the modeling in areas with limited depth information, generating Qr maps for shallow and intermediate-depth geothermal applications in North Rhine-Westphalia, and making the project results available via the OpenGeodata.NRW portal of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

DMT

The slides provide an overview of the current status of the evaluation. Using the formula from FA Wind (2022)¹, the vibration power is calculated for three measured wind turbines — two of the Vestas V162 type and one of the Enercon E160 type. A correlation between wind speed and vibration power can be established for the measured Vestas V162 units; however, no clear correlation can be determined for the measured Enercon E160. In addition, a correlation between vibration power and rotational speed can also be identified for the Vestas V162. The change in vibration power with increasing electrical power output of the wind turbine is also examined. For the Vestas V162, an increase in vibration power can be observed up to approximately 3,000 kW, while at higher production rates the vibration power remains largely constant. For the Enercon E160, no clear correlation is discernible on this point, which is also due to a lack of data points for production rates above 3,000 kW. When examining the two measured Vestas V162 units individually, a comparable trend in the increase of vibration power with increasing wind speed can be identified. This curve progression is also observable at monitoring stations located at greater distances from the two wind turbines.
¹ FA Wind (2022), Vibration Immissions from Wind Turbines, Propagation Forecast.

October 2025

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

In the last months the Karlsruher Institute for Technology (KIT) focused on the evaluation of the recorded data.

For the last measurement campaign close to the city Freiburg we started the analysis of the data. For the measurement campaign close to Havixbeck, we compared the measurement before and after the installation of the wind farm. Below 10 Hz one can observe a clear increase in amplitude after the wind turbine installation (in 500 m distance up to 35 db, in 1.5 km distance up to 20 db).

Furthermore, we revised the determination of the b-value to get a realistic result if outliers are included. The new method shows promising results but needs to be tested for stability.

A comparison of the b-values of the individual measurement campaigns and literature values shows similar results, but the comparison with geological data is not clear. Further plans include a comparison of the absolute amplitude, including measurements from lower-power wind turbines.

RWTH Aachen

University Münster

The October 2025 dbMISS meeting report by Dr. Nasim Karamzadeh presents recent progress in the attenuation study for NRW using local earthquakes and quarry blasts. A comparative analysis showed that both datasets exhibit increasing Qc with frequency, with quarry blasts providing higher-resolution results at shallower depths (~1.3 km) compared to earthquakes (2.5–15 km). At about 1 Hz, Qc values range from 24–100 for quarry blasts and 25–200 for earthquakes. Newly incorporated data from the regional RN and GD networks, as well as a temporary broadband network operated by the University of Münster (5R), slightly improved ray coverage; however, high noise levels and limited high-quality picks reduced their impact on tomography. Future improvements are anticipated with better broadband installations and longer operational periods, while current results refine the understanding of the northern area and support future investigations.

Geological Service NRW

The velocity model for North Rhine–Westphalia derived from sonic logs has been further revised. From the literature, an empirical relation for the Rayleigh-wave attenuation Qr was derived and applied to the velocity model.

The decay function, which describes the far-field amplitude decay of Rayleigh waves as a function of Vr and Qr, was applied to the KIT measurement sites as well as to the DMT measurements at the Tönisvorst site. Preliminary 𝑄𝑟 values were determined for all sites. In the future, the decay function will also be applied to the remaining DMT sites and checked for plausibility.

July 2025

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

In June 2025 the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Geophysical Institute, finished its last measurement campaign in the southern Black Forest close to Freiburg, a combined effort with the State Earthquake Service of Baden-Württemberg. Additionally, to line measurements, a ring measurement was conducted to analyze the source signal of a wind turbine in more detail. The location of the measurement will also allow us to study the effects of strong topography.
Furthermore, the data analysis for the measurement campaign close to the town Havixbeck was finished. We identified several rotation rate dependent frequency peaks, determined corresponding b-values as well as the quality factor Q.
In total the KIT group did seven line measurements in the last three years and starts now with a detailed comparison between these measurement campaigns and with the results of the other DB MISS groups as well as results reported in the literature. Publications will be prepared.

Ruhr Universität Bochum

The DenoisingAutoEncoder is to be made more widely available by integrating it into the SeisBench software package (Slide 2). The performance of the new application is tested using the KWISS dataset (Limberger et al. 2021). This dataset consists of continuous waveform data recorded over up to two years along two profiles (19 + 10 stations) near a wind farm (Slide 3). In addition to evaluating the performance of the DenoisingAutoEncoder, these data are used to test up to what distances from the wind turbines, and under varying wind conditions, the noise can be effectively suppressed so that phase identification becomes possible. When training the new version of the DenoisingAutoEncoder in SeisBench, slight performance deficits compared to the original version can be observed (Slide 4). A comparison of denoised waveforms from two events with a magnitude of 0.7 originating from the same source region (distance ~93 km), recorded under different wind conditions at different stations along the profile (Slides 6–8), shows better noise suppression with the original DAE. Using up to 2,200 seismic events (source distance < 3°), their interpretability before and after applying the DAE at the stations along the profile is systematically analyzed as a function of distance, magnitude, and wind speed.

Geological Service NRW

The velocity model for North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), derived from sonic logs, was further revised and modeled in GoCAD for selected locations. Preliminary Qp and Qs factors were determined from the Vp and Vs velocities in order to estimate the damping value Qr for the propagation of Rayleigh waves using Vr = 0.92*Vs. A decay function for the far field was defined, which describes the amplitude decrease of the Rayleigh waves as a function of Vr and Qr. This decay function was initially applied to data measured by KIT at the Tönisvorst site and checked for plausibility. In the future, the decay function is also to be applied to the other KIT sites and evaluated for its suitability in predicting the influence of wind energy plants (WEA) on seismic stations.

University Münster

This presentation highlights the latest results from newly added data processing efforts related to the 1720 quarry blast dataset. The data, provided by the University of Cologne and processed at the BNS Observatory, has been analyzed within the framework of the dbMISS project to study seismic attenuation parameters in the region.
Analysis of the quarry blast and local earthquake datasets revealed consistent S-phase travel times and similar epicentral distributions, emphasizing the reliability and compatibility of these independent sources. Moreover, the average frequency-dependent coda quality factor (Qc) calculated from both datasets shows a strong agreement, further supporting the robustness of the applied methodology.
Including of the quarry blast data has enhanced the depth resolution of the tomographic images, particularly at shallower depths, improving resolution down to approximately 1300 meters.
Preliminary processing of data from the temporary broadband network installed by the University of Münster indicates that this deployment significantly improves ray path coverage in the northern part of the study area. Initial examples of observed seismicity in this region were also presented, highlighting the value of the temporary network.
In the final stage of the project, data processing will focus on incorporating the most recent datasets and delivering an updated, refined version of the tomographic and attenuation models. These enhancements are expected to yield deeper insights into the seismic structure and attenuation characteristics of the study region.

March 2025

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

In the last three months, the focus at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Geophysical Institute, was the planning and realization of further line measurements starting at wind turbines, as well as the analysis of the data. Close to the town Havixbeck, a line measurement was conducted and currently the data is analyzed, also regarding the differences in noise level before and after wind turbine construction. For April 2025 the last line measurement campaign within the DB MISS project is planned in cooperation with the state earthquake service of Baden-Württemberg.

Geological Service NRW

As the basis for the lithological model of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), data from the Geothermal Portal NRW (https://www.geothermie.nrw.de/) for shallow and medium-depth geothermal energy were used. The point data were intersected with the digital terrain model of the BKG with a grid spacing of 200 and 1000 m (https://gdz.bkg.bund.de/index.php/default/digitale-geodaten/digitale-gelandemodelle.html?___store=default). Thus, virtual borehole data for all of NRW with depths of 100 and 1000 m are available at grid intervals of 200 or 1000 m, respectively. For further use, the complex lithology in the borehole data was homogenized. Approximately 175 geophysical borehole measurements (sonic logs) were used to assign interval velocities of the compressional wave (Vp) to the lithological units in the vicinity of the borehole measurements. The interval velocities were transferred to layer equivalents across all of NRW. In a simplified approach, shear wave velocities (Vs) were determined using the relationship Vs = Vp/√3. Missing velocity information for lithologies was appropriately supplemented with literature values. Preliminary Qp and Qs factors were estimated from the Vp and Vs velocities.

University Münster

We continue analyzing the available earthquake database using the attenuation tomography tool, MuRAT. Our tests include all seismic phases, incorporating both P- and S-phase arrival time data. We compared results obtained using all three components (3C) and only the horizontal components, finding consistent agreement in the calculated parameters—Qc, Q, and peak delay variation—as well as in the average frequency-dependent Q value for the study region. Additionally, we processed data from the dense local FloodRisk Seismic Network, operated by Ruhr University Bochum (Rische et al., 2022). We are currently focused on data preprocessing and selection for this network to improve the quality of our results. These efforts are part of our preparation for publishing our findings.

November 2024

Universität Münster

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

The focus at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Geophysical Institute, was the analysis of the data and the realization of further line measurements starting at wind turbines. In total 5 measurement campaigns were successfully completed. One measurement is currently deployed, and another one is planned for spring 2025. The results show similarities to previous studies and demonstrate the complexity of the observed wavefield. As a final step, we started the estimation of the quality factor Q from the line measurements.

Geological Service NRW

As part of work package 4, the geological context of Q is currently being investigated, with the main goal being the analysis, evaluation, and characterization of earthquake monitoring stations in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW).

The focus of the evaluation and characterization is on geological and geophysical parameters, particularly lithology and seismic velocity of the subsurface. These parameters are crucial for accurately capturing the site conditions of the monitoring stations. The analysis of lithology allows for a detailed identification of rock types and their specific properties. The investigation of seismic velocity provides important information about the propagation speed of earthquake waves.

Input data used include a 3D model of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, 3D fault models for NRW, a DEM file, and geodata from the Geothermal Portal NRW (https://www.geothermie.nrw.de) for shallow and mid-depth geothermal energy. These data were processed using GIS software and Python, and the relevant information was transferred into the Move 3D software. Based on this data, lithological models were created. In the next step, seismic velocity values from borehole geophysical measurements will be added to provide a comprehensive representation.

Ruhr Universität Bochum

As part of work package 7, the denoiser was further tested to support phase identification of noisy data in practice. The impact of amplitude attenuation due to the application of the denoiser on magnitude determination was investigated using swarm earthquake datasets. This allowed for the determination of amplitudes for up to 1900 events with magnitudes ranging from -0.7 to 4.2 ML at various stations and different epicentral distances. Amplitudes for noise just before an event, amplitudes for P- and S-phases, as well as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the different phases, were determined. All parameters were calculated for all components of the original waveforms, filtered traces (bandpass 1 - 45 Hz, 3rd order), and the denoised traces created by the denoiser.

Different parameter combinations were tested to identify correlations in the amplitude attenuation of the denoised traces. By comparing the signal-to-noise ratio between the original and denoised data, distance-dependent thresholds were determined at which amplitude attenuation due to denoising can be neglected. However, on these traces, phase arrivals could still be identified well in the original data, making processing (filtering/denoising) unnecessary. No regularity could be established for the amplitude attenuation on the denoised traces at magnitudes below the threshold, which could be used to correct amplitudes for magnitude determination on the denoised traces.

Therefore, magnitude determination should always be performed using the original data. Excessive noise in the original data can negatively impact magnitude determination. The traces produced by the denoiser are suitable for identifying phase arrivals due to their good reproduction of the waveform but are not suitable for magnitude determination.

DMT

May 2024

Universität Münster

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

Geological Service NRW

DMT

Januar 2024 (Talks from AG Seismologie and Project meeting 2023)

Universität Münster

At Münster, we search for more data to be used with the two programs that calculate attenuation, MURAT and QSEIS. The data availablility is small, making the region that can be resolved much smaller than anticipated.

Geologischer Dienst NRW

Ruhr Universität Bochum

Presentation (AG Seismologie)

DMT

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

Presentation (AG Seismologie)

März 2023

Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster

The work done by the WWU in the period 01-10-2022 - 31-12-2022 focused on collecting the available data from the parties involved, e.g. the Geologischer Dienst (GD), DMT, and open-access data retrievable trough available FDSN clients. Data received form the GD is a good addition to the open-access data and can be processed in the same way. Furthermore, some events occur in both the open-access as well as the GD set, increasing the coverage. The data presented by DMT stands out with respect to the other data, in the sense that it contains seismic linesurveys rather than waveforms from seismic stations. As such, it contains many receivers, but at relatively small distances to the sources, which in turn tend to be rather small as they are all induced explosions. Consequently, the DMT data will have to be processed separately, and the initial focus will be placed on retrieving Q-values (attenuation) on a larger scale using the GD and open-access waveforms. The total attenuation is the sum of scattering attenuation on the one hand, and intrinsic attenuation on the other. The method we propose to determine the attenuation, separating scattering and intrinsic, is Qopen (Eulenfeld and Wegler, 2016). Qopen is based on envelop inversion of the S-coda. This method has proven usefull for weak events (Eulenfeld et al., 2022), and has been applied in frequency ranges of 1 Hz and higher (Neuffer et al., 2021), comparable to the second to forth eigenfrequencies of windturbines (Eulenfeld and Wegler, 2016).

In addition to the preparation of the data, a rough start has been made on the numerical implementation of the viscoelastic wave equation in general, using the code of Martin and Komatitsch (2009), and adding the free surface formulation as proposed by (Zeng et al., 2012). For now however, determination of the attenuation has been prioritized over the numerical implementation at this point. Thus, further numerical implementation will be carried out when the attenuation determination is further along.

Following these updates, the project is on schedule concerning the initial work and time planning, and no changes with regards to the targets of the DBMISS project, nor the expected planning in meeting these targets have been made.

Geologischer Dienst NRW

Beim Geologischen Dienst (GD) soll der im Vorgängerprojekt entwickelte Filter zur Trennung von Erdbebensignal und Störsignal in der Praxis erprobt und in Zusammenarbeit mit der Ruhr-Universität Bochum weiterentwickelt werden. Dazu ist es erforderlich, die Filter in den Routineauswerteprozess einzubinden. Zu dem Zweck wird zurzeit das IT-System im GD umgestellt.
Der Filter wurde nach einer ersten Erprobung mit dem Projektpartner RUB auf einer neuen Linux-Maschine dauerhaft durch den GD installiert und eingerichtet. Erste Tests mit Archiv-Daten unter Verwendung des allgemeinen Noise-Modells wurden durchgeführt. Ein bekanntes Event wurde mit den gefilterten Daten ausgewertet. Die Lokalisierung lieferte gute Ergebnisse, allerdings ist die Magnitudenbestimmung bisher noch sehr ungenau. Hier muss der Filter in Zukunft noch optimiert werden.
Der Zugriff auf Echtzeit-Daten ist derzeit noch nicht möglich. Zu diesem Zweck wird die vorhandene IT-Infrastruktur optimiert. Hier sind Fragen der IT-Sicherheit zu klären und die Vorgaben für das Landesnetz NRW zu berücksichtigen.
Für das Training des Filters speziell auf die Stationen des GD werden derzeit Noise-Fenster geschnitten. Kurzfristig erfolgt das Training des Filters durch die RUB. Mittelfristig wird auch das Training durch den GD selbst erfolgen.

Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)

The main focus in the first project phase at the Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT) is the identification of suitable measurement sites to observe the ground motion emissions of wind turbines. Furthermore, we focused on agreements with wind turbine operators regarding data exchange. The first measurement campaign took place in North Rhine-Westphalia near Tönisvorst. Along a profile of 5.5 km length, beginning at two 4 MW wind turbines, 11 seismic recording stations were installed for 4 weeks of continuous recording on loose Tertiary sediments. A preliminary analysis of the data was started. To analyze the data we recoded existing MATLAB scripts to Python. Those software programs ensure automatic reuse for further measurement campaigns.

Ruhr Universität Bochum

Der an der Ruhr-Universität Bochum entwickelte Filter wurde sowohl beim Geologischen Dienst NRW als auch bei der Firma DMT in Betrieb genommen. Durch die Praxiserprobung durch weitere Personen konnten schon etliche kleine Fehler behoben werden und auch die Anwendung ist intuitiver geworden. Noch treten Probleme im Bereich der Coda-Wellen auf, da diese z.T. im Trainingsprozess des Filters vernachlässigt worden sind. Hierzu wird das Training zeitnah überarbeitet. Des Weiteren wird derzeit ein Code entwickelt, der mit Hilfe maschinellen Lernens automatisch Erdbeben erkennt und diese auswertet. In Kombination mit dem Filter kann eine Datenbank erstellt werden, um herauszufinden wie viele neue Erdbeben nach Anwendung des Filters detektiert werden können und welchen genauen Einfluss dies auf die Magnitudenbestimmung hat. Dabei werden die vorhandenen Algorithmen zur automatischen Erdbeben Detektion Phasenassoziation in der Praxis erprobt und ebenfalls verbessert.

Der Quellcode ist unter https://github.com/JanisHe frei zugänglich.